Spatiotemporal Statistical Shape Model for Temporal Shape Change Analysis of Adult Brain.

BACKGROUND This study presents a novel method of constructing a spatiotemporal statistical shape model (st-SSM) for adult brain. St-SSM is an extension of statistical shape model (SSM) in the temporal domain which will represent the statistical variability of shape as well as the temporal change of statistical variance with respect to time. AIMS Expectation-Maximization (EM) based weighted principal component analysis (WPCA) using a temporal weight function is applied where the eigenvalues of each data are estimated by Estep using temporal eigenvectors, and M-step updates Eigenvectors in order to maximize the variance. Both E and M-step are iterated until updating vectors reaches the convergence point. A weight parameter for each subject is allocated in accordance with the subject's age to calculate the weighted variance. A Gaussian function is utilized to define the weight function. The center of the function is a time point while the variance is a predefined parameter. METHODS The proposed method constructs adult brain st-SSM by changing the time point between minimum to maximum age range with a small interval. Here, the eigenvectors changes with aging. The feature vector of representing adult brain shape is extracted through a level set algorithm. To validate the method, this study employed 103 adult subjects (age: 22 to 93 y.o. with Mean ± SD = 59.32±16.89) from OASIS database. st-SSM was constructed for time point 40 to 90 with a step of 2. RESULTS We calculated the temporal deformation change between two-time points and evaluated the corresponding difference to investigate the influence of analysis parameter. An application of the proposed model is also introduced which involves Alzheimer's disease (AD) identification utilizing support vector machine. CONCLUSION In this study, st-SSM based adult brain shape feature extraction and classification techniques are introduced to classify between normal and AD subject as an application.

[1]  A. Jemal,et al.  Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries , 2018, CA: a cancer journal for clinicians.

[2]  A. Iagaru,et al.  Nuclear Medicine Imaging Techniques for Detection of Skeletal Metastases in Breast Cancer. , 2018, PET clinics.

[3]  S. Scharf,et al.  Bone SPECT/CT of the Spine, Foot, and Ankle: Evaluation of Surgical Patients. , 2017, Seminars in nuclear medicine.

[4]  H. Zacho,et al.  Diagnostic test accuracy study of 18F-sodium fluoride PET/CT, 99mTc-labelled diphosphonate SPECT/CT, and planar bone scintigraphy for diagnosis of bone metastases in newly diagnosed, high-risk prostate cancer. , 2017, American journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging.

[5]  J. Mortensen,et al.  A Prospective Study Comparing 99mTc-Hydroxyethylene-Diphosphonate Planar Bone Scintigraphy and Whole-Body SPECT/CT with 18F-Fluoride PET/CT and 18F-Fluoride PET/MRI for Diagnosing Bone Metastases , 2017, The Journal of Nuclear Medicine.

[6]  H. Zaidi,et al.  Whole-Body SPECT/CT versus Planar Bone Scan with Targeted SPECT/CT for Metastatic Workup , 2017, BioMed research international.

[7]  R. Abgral,et al.  Incremental diagnostic utility of systematic double-bed SPECT/CT for bone scintigraphy in initial staging of cancer patients , 2016, Cancer Imaging.

[8]  E. Kauppila,et al.  Prospective evaluation of planar bone scintigraphy, SPECT, SPECT/CT, 18F-NaF PET/CT and whole body 1.5T MRI, including DWI, for the detection of bone metastases in high risk breast and prostate cancer patients: SKELETA clinical trial , 2016, Acta oncologica.

[9]  Xiao-liang Chen,et al.  Diagnostic role of (99)Tc(m)-MDP SPECT/CT combined SPECT/MRI Multi modality imaging for early and atypical bone metastases. , 2014, International journal of clinical and experimental medicine.

[10]  Z. Jia,et al.  Comparison of choline-PET/CT, MRI, SPECT, and bone scintigraphy in the diagnosis of bone metastases in patients with prostate cancer: a meta-analysis , 2014, Skeletal Radiology.

[11]  P. Ghosh.  The Role of SPECT/CT in Skeletal Malignancies , 2014, Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology.

[12]  Y. Ali,et al.  The Role of SPECT-Guided CT for Evaluating Foci of Increased Bone Metabolism Classified as Indeterminate on SPECT in Cancer Patients , 2013 .

[13]  L. Pace,et al.  Impact of ¹⁸F-fluoride PET-CT on implementing early treatment of painful bone metastases with Sm-153 EDTMP. , 2013, Nuclear medicine and biology.

[14]  Lalit Kumar,et al.  The role of 18F-fluoride PET-CT in the detection of bone metastases in patients with breast, lung and prostate carcinoma: a comparison with FDG PET/CT and 99mTc-MDP bone scan , 2013, Japanese Journal of Radiology.

[15]  Rakesh Kumar,et al.  Indeterminate lesions on planar bone scintigraphy in lung cancer patients: SPECT, CT or SPECT-CT? , 2012, Skeletal Radiology.

[16]  R. George,et al.  Should SPECT-CT replace SPECT for the evaluation of equivocal bone scan lesions in patients with underlying malignancies? , 2010, Nuclear medicine communications.

[17]  L. Livieratos,et al.  The added value of multislice SPECT/CT in patients with equivocal bony metastasis from carcinoma of the prostate , 2010, European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging.

[18]  Zhen Zhao,et al.  Single photon emission computed tomography/spiral computed tomography fusion imaging for the diagnosis of bone metastasis in patients with known cancer , 2010, Skeletal Radiology.

[19]  S. Ben-Haim,et al.  Breast cancer: role of SPECT and PET in imaging bone metastases. , 2009, Seminars in nuclear medicine.

[20]  Z. Keidar,et al.  Hybrid imaging (SPECT/CT and PET/CT)--improving the diagnostic accuracy of functional/metabolic and anatomic imaging. , 2009, Seminars in nuclear medicine.

[21]  T. Nozaki,et al.  Usefulness of single photon emission computed tomography imaging in the detection of lumbar vertebral metastases from prostate cancer , 2008, International journal of urology : official journal of the Japanese Urological Association.

[22]  B. Seifert,et al.  Characterization of focal bone lesions in the axial skeleton: performance of planar bone scintigraphy compared with SPECT and SPECT fused with CT. , 2007, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[23]  R. Coleman.  Clinical Features of Metastatic Bone Disease and Risk of Skeletal Morbidity , 2006, Clinical Cancer Research.

[24]  Roland Bares,et al.  The role of single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography in benign and malignant bone disease. , 2006, Seminars in nuclear medicine.

[25]  Torsten Kuwert,et al.  SPECT-guided CT for evaluating foci of increased bone metabolism classified as indeterminate on SPECT in cancer patients. , 2006, Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine.

[26]  Torsten Kuwert,et al.  Anatomical accuracy of hybrid SPECT/spiral CT in the lower spine , 2006, Nuclear medicine communications.

[27]  U. Metser,et al.  The detection of bone metastases in patients with high-risk prostate cancer: 99mTc-MDP Planar bone scintigraphy, single- and multi-field-of-view SPECT, 18F-fluoride PET, and 18F-fluoride PET/CT. , 2006, Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine.

[28]  T. Nishimura,et al.  Do short-time SPECT images of bone scintigraphy improve the diagnostic value in the evaluation of solitary lesions in the thoracic spine in patients with extraskeletal malignancies? , 2005, Annals of nuclear medicine.

[29]  E. Even-Sapir.  Imaging of malignant bone involvement by morphologic, scintigraphic, and hybrid modalities. , 2005, Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine.

[30]  C. Claussen,et al.  Evaluation of combined transmission and emission tomography for classification of skeletal lesions. , 2004, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[31]  S. Cherry,et al.  Combining anatomy and function: the path to true image fusion , 2001, European Radiology.

[32]  L. Rybak,et al.  Radiological imaging for the diagnosis of bone metastases. , 2001, The quarterly journal of nuclear medicine : official publication of the Italian Association of Nuclear Medicine (AIMN) [and] the International Association of Radiopharmacology.

[33]  B. Nowak,et al.  Benign versus malignant osseous lesions in the lumbar vertebrae: differentiation by means of bone SPET , 2000, European Journal of Nuclear Medicine.

[34]  D. Rosenthal.  Radiologic diagnosis of bone metastases , 1997, Cancer.

[35]  R. Rubens,et al.  Reappraisal of the baseline bone scan in breast cancer. , 1988, Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine.

[36]  Yeu‐Tsu N. Lee,et al.  Bone scanning in patients with early breast carcinoma: Should it be a routine staging procedure? , 1981, Cancer.

[37]  R E O'Mara,et al.  Skeletal scanning in neoplastic disease , 1976, Cancer.

[38]  M. Chaudhry,et al.  Evaluation of osseous metastasis in bone scintigraphy. , 2015, Seminars in nuclear medicine.

[39]  Rakesh Kumar,et al.  Hybrid SPECT-CT for characterizing isolated vertebral lesions observed by bone scintigraphy: comparison with planar scintigraphy, SPECT, and CT. , 2013, Diagnostic and interventional radiology.

[40]  H. Schild,et al.  Whole-body SPECT/CT for bone scintigraphy: diagnostic value and effect on patient management in oncological patients , 2013, European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging.

[41]  Kazuo Awai,et al.  Added value of SPECT/CT fusion in assessing suspected bone metastasis: comparison with scintigraphy alone and nonfused scintigraphy and CT. , 2006, Radiology.

[42]  D. Dershaw,et al.  Imaging techniques in breast cancer. , 1989, Seminars in surgical oncology.