Computervermittelter Wissensaustausch als Soziales Dilemma: Ein Überblick

Prozesse des computervermittelten Wissensaustauschs ermoglichen Gruppen den Aufbau eines Wissenspools, den alle Gruppenmitglieder nutzen konnen. Wahrend die Vorzuge dieses Wissensaustauschs unmittelbar einsichtig sind, ist aus psychologischer Sicht zu konstatieren, dass der Aufbau solcher Wissenspools als Soziales Dilemma aufgefasst werden kann. Dieser Uberblickartikel thematisiert den computervermittelten Wissensaustausch auf Basis der experimentellen Forschung zu Sozialen Dilemmata, und stellt Experimentalumgebungen vor, die dieses Informationsaustausch-Dilemma operationalisieren und seine empirische Untersuchung ermoglichen. Zunachst werden Ergebnisse zur subjektiven Wahrnehmung des Dilemmas berichtet, dann Befunde zu strukturellen und psychologischen Einflussfaktoren. Erstere verandern die Payoff-Struktur (Kosten und Nutzen der Informationsweitergabe), letztere die erlebte soziale Situation. Hier spielen praskriptive und deskriptive Normen, die Identifizierbarkeit des Verhaltens oder die Anonymitat de...

[1]  H. Tajfel,et al.  An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. , 1979 .

[2]  A. Papciak,et al.  The effects of communication, resource feedback, and identifiability on behavior in a simulated commons , 1981 .

[3]  R. Spears,et al.  Knowing Me, Knowing You: Anonymity Effects on Social Identity Processes within Groups , 2001 .

[4]  C. Parks,et al.  Social Value Orientation and Cooperation in Social Dilemmas: A Meta-Analysis , 2009 .

[5]  Charles G. McClintock,et al.  Social values: Their definition, measurement and development. , 1978 .

[6]  Chao-Min Chiu,et al.  Exploring and mitigating social loafing in online communities , 2010, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[7]  Peter R. Monge,et al.  Motivations to Resolve Communication Dilemmas in Database-Mediated Collaboration , 2002, Commun. Res..

[8]  M. Snyder.  Self-monitoring of expressive behavior. , 1974 .

[9]  Ulrike Cress,et al.  Improving quality and quantity of contributions: Two models for promoting knowledge exchange with shared databases , 2007, Comput. Educ..

[10]  M. Lynne Markus,et al.  Why CSCW applications fail: problems in the adoption of interdependent work tools , 1990, CSCW '90.

[11]  Ananish Chaudhuri.  Sustaining cooperation in laboratory public goods experiments: a selective survey of the literature , 2011 .

[12]  David W. Johnson,et al.  An Educational Psychology Success Story: Social Interdependence Theory and Cooperative Learning , 2009 .

[13]  Joseph Lampel,et al.  The Role of Status-Seeking in Online Communities: Giving the Gift of Experience , 2007, J. Comput. Mediat. Commun..

[14]  Drew Fudenberg,et al.  Open-loop and closed-loop equilibria in dynamic games with many players , 1988 .

[15]  E. Fehr,et al.  Altruistic punishment in humans , 2002, Nature.

[16]  Nadine Spörer,et al.  Förderung selbstregulierten Lernens im schulischen Kontext , 2010 .

[17]  D. R. Lehman,et al.  Social Comparisons and their Affective Consequences: The Importance of Comparison Dimension and Individual Difference Variables , 1991 .

[18]  G. Stasser,et al.  Hidden Profiles: A Brief History , 2003 .

[19]  J. Tedeschi,et al.  The relationship between self-presentation styles and coping with social stress , 2004 .

[20]  David W. Johnson,et al.  Learning Together and Alone. Cooperative, Competitive, and Individualistic Learning. Fourth Edition. , 1991 .

[21]  S. Komorita,et al.  Components of reward in social dilemmas. , 1985, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[22]  A. Glöckner,et al.  Risk is relative: Risk aversion yields cooperation rather than defection in cooperation-friendly environments , 2012, Psychonomic bulletin & review.

[23]  Oliver Dickhäuser,et al.  Momentan verfügbare Selbstkontrollkraft : Vorstellung eines Messinstruments und erste Befunde aus pädagogisch-psychologischen Kontexten , 2011 .

[24]  David F. Sally.  Conversation and Cooperation in Social Dilemmas , 1995 .

[25]  Ofir Turel,et al.  Should I e-collaborate with this group? A multilevel model of usage intentions , 2011, Inf. Manag..

[26]  T. Postmes,et al.  A Social Identity Model of Deindividuation Phenomena , 1995 .

[27]  D. Wegner.  Transactive Memory: A Contemporary Analysis of the Group Mind , 1987 .

[28]  G. Marwell,et al.  Economists free ride, does anyone else? : Experiments on the provision of public goods, IV , 1981 .

[29]  G. Stasser,et al.  Information sampling in structured and unstructured discussions of three- and six-person groups. , 1989 .

[30]  M. Zuckerman.  Sensation Seeking : Beyond the Optimal Level of Arousal , 1979 .

[31]  Gareth R. Jones.  Task Visibility, Free Riding, and Shirking: Explaining the Effect of Structure and Technology on Employee Behavior , 1984 .

[32]  G. Krampen,et al.  Die Vertrauens-Trias als personale Ressource für die die Bewältigung von Prüfungsangst , 2009 .

[33]  Friedrich W. Hesse,et al.  Struktur und Verlauf aktiver und passiver Partizipation beim netzbasierten Lernen in virtuellen Seminaren , 1997 .

[34]  J. Nash.  THE BARGAINING PROBLEM , 1950, Classics in Game Theory.

[35]  Kyle Lewis,et al.  Group cognition, membership change, and performance: Investigating the benefits and detriments of collective knowledge ☆ , 2007 .

[36]  Robert E. Slavin.  Student Team Learning: An Overview and Practical Guide. Second Edition. , 1988 .

[37]  David W. Johnson,et al.  Learning Together and Alone , 1999 .

[38]  Paul Rogers,et al.  SIDE-VIEW: Evaluation of a system to develop team players and improve productivity in Internet collaborative learning groups , 2002, Br. J. Educ. Technol..

[39]  Catherine C. Eckel,et al.  Altruism in Anonymous Dictator Games , 1996 .

[40]  Eric van Dijk,et al.  Coordination rules in asymmetric social dilemmas: a comparison between public good dilemmas and resource dilemmas , 1995 .

[41]  U. Cress,et al.  Guidelines and feedback in information exchange: The impact of behavioral anchors and descriptive norms in a social dilemma. , 2007 .

[42]  Angel Cabrera,et al.  Knowledge-Sharing Dilemmas , 2002 .

[43]  M. Perugini,et al.  The personal norm of reciprocity , 2003 .

[44]  Studienwahlmotivation und Persönlichkeitseigenschaften als Prädiktoren für Zufriedenheit und Strategienutzung im Lehramtsstudium 11 Dieser Beitrag wurde unter der geschäftsführenden Herausgeberschaft von Jens Möller angenommen. , 2011 .

[45]  Mary Beth Rosson,et al.  Notification and awareness: synchronizing task-oriented collaborative activity , 2003, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud..

[46]  J. Giles.  Internet encyclopaedias go head to head , 2005, Nature.

[47]  Gary E. Bolton,et al.  Dictator game giving: Rules of fairness versus acts of kindness , 1998, Int. J. Game Theory.

[48]  P. Bonacich.  Communication networks and collective action , 1987 .

[49]  Ulrike Cress,et al.  Knowledge sharing and rewards: a game-theoretical perspective , 2006 .

[50]  J. Rotter.  Interpersonal trust, trustworthiness, and gullibility. , 1980 .

[51]  G. Stasser,et al.  Expert Roles and Information Exchange during Discussion: The Importance of Knowing Who Knows What , 1995 .

[52]  Ulrike Cress,et al.  An interactional perspective on group awareness: Alleviating the information-exchange dilemma (for everybody?) , 2007, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud..

[53]  Lässt sich Wissen durch Datenbanken managen? Motivationale und organisationale Voraussetzungen beim Einsatz elektronischer Datenbanken , 2004 .

[54]  Ulrike Cress,et al.  Ambivalent effect of member portraits in virtual groups , 2005, J. Comput. Assist. Learn..

[55]  P. Kollock.  SOCIAL DILEMMAS: The Anatomy of Cooperation , 1998 .

[56]  Richard M. Bird,et al.  1. Public goods: the polar case , 1972 .

[57]  C. Parks,et al.  Testing Various Types of Cooperation Rewards in Social Dilemmas , 2000 .

[58]  R. LaRose,et al.  Electronic Bulletin Boards and “Public Goods” Explanations of Collaborative Mass Media , 1993 .

[59]  Kipling D. Williams,et al.  PROCESSES Social Loafing: A Meta-Analytic Review and Theoretical Integration , 2022 .

[60]  Ulrike Cress,et al.  Value of Information, Behavioral Guidelines, and Social Value Orientation in an Information-Exchange Dilemma , 2011 .

[61]  J. R. Larson,et al.  Recalling Shared vs. Unshared Information Mentioned During Group Discussion: Toward Understanding Differential Repetition Rates , 2007 .

[62]  D. Wegner,et al.  Cognitive interdependence in close relationships , 1985 .

[63]  Lee J. Cronbach,et al.  Psychological tests and personnel decisions , 1958 .

[64]  U. Cress,et al.  Visualization of Group Members' Participation , 2009 .

[65]  M. Doebeli,et al.  Variable investment, the Continuous Prisoner's Dilemma, and the origin of cooperation , 1999, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences.

[66]  A. Nicklisch,et al.  Leading With(Out) Sacrifice? A Public-Goods Experiment with a Privileged Player , 2011 .

[67]  Mark A Walker,et al.  The free rider problem: Experimental evidence , 1984 .

[68]  J. Hay,et al.  Social Comparison in the Workplace: A Study of 60 Dual-Career Couples , 1997 .

[69]  W. Graziano,et al.  Self-monitoring and cooperation as a self-presentational strategy. , 1982 .

[70]  Astrid Wichmann,et al.  Inquiry Learning: Multilevel Support with Respect to Inquiry, Explanations and Regulation During an Inquiry Cycle , 2009 .

[71]  M. Zuckerman.  Dimensions of Sensation Seeking. , 1971 .

[72]  Ulrike Cress,et al.  Endowment heterogeneity and identifiability in the information-exchange dilemma , 2008, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[73]  H. Giesen,et al.  Kooperatives Lernen an der Hochschule: Evaluation des Gruppenpuzzles in Seminaren der Pädagogischen Psychologie , 2001 .

[74]  G. Marshall,et al.  Article Commentary: Levels of Analysis and Personality: Lessons from the Person-Situation Debate? , 1991 .

[75]  Carl A. Kallgren,et al.  A Focus Theory of Normative Conduct: When Norms Do and Do not Affect Behavior , 2000 .

[76]  M. Deutsch.  A Theory of Co-operation and Competition , 1949 .

[77]  A. Tversky,et al.  Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases , 1974, Science.

[78]  Alexander Ardichvili,et al.  Motivation and barriers to participation in virtual knowledge-sharing communities of practice , 2003, J. Knowl. Manag..

[79]  J. Rotter.  Generalized expectancies for interpersonal trust. , 1971 .

[80]  L. Sproull,et al.  Atheism, sex, and databases: the net as a social technology , 1995 .

[81]  P. Costa,et al.  NEO inventories for the NEO Personality Inventory-3 (NEO-PI-3), NEO Five-Factor Inventory-3 (NEO-FFI-3), NEO Personality Inventory-Revised (NEO PI-R) : professional manual , 2010 .

[82]  Robert Kurzban,et al.  Individual differences in cooperation in a circular public goods game , 2001 .

[83]  B. Hilbig,et al.  Pillars of cooperation: Honesty-Humility, social value orientations, and economic behavior , 2009 .

[84]  R. Slavin.  When does cooperative learning increase student achievement , 1983 .

[85]  Ulrike Cress,et al.  Impact of temporal extension, synchronicity, and group size on computer-supported information exchange , 2009, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[86]  A. Semin-Goossens,et al.  The boundaries of reciprocal cooperation , 1998 .

[87]  Hazel Hall,et al.  Creation and recreation: motivating collaboration to generate knowledge capital in online communities , 2004, Int. J. Inf. Manag..

[88]  Entwicklung eines Anreizsystems zur Unterstützung kollaborativ verteilter Formen der Aneignung und Produktion von Wissen in der Ausbildung , 2004 .

[89]  David Gefen,et al.  Psychological Barriers: Lurker and Poster Motivation and Behavior in Online Communities , 2006, Commun. Assoc. Inf. Syst..

[90]  Jürgen Buder,et al.  Wissensaustausch mittels Datenbanken als Öffentliches-Gut-Dilemma , 2003 .

[91]  Robert E. Slavin,et al.  Students Motivating Students to Excel: Cooperative Incentives, Cooperative Tasks, and Student Achievement , 1984, The Elementary School Journal.

[92]  Karl-Heinz Renner,et al.  Self-Monitoring und Authentizität: Die verkannten Selbstdarsteller , 2002 .

[93]  Ryan O. Murphy,et al.  Measuring Social Value Orientation , 2011, SSRN Electronic Journal.

[94]  Alexander Rausch,et al.  Die schweigende Mehrheit — „Lurker“ in internetbasierten Diskussionsforen. , 2006 .

[95]  K. Williams,et al.  Many Hands Make Light the Work: The Causes and Consequences of Social Loafing , 1979 .

[96]  G. Stasser,et al.  Pooling of Unshared Information in Group Decision Making: Biased Information Sampling During Discussion , 1985 .

[97]  J. Horowitz,et al.  Fairness in Simple Bargaining Experiments , 1994 .

[98]  Fraser J. M. Reid,et al.  The messaging threshold in computer-mediated communication , 1996 .

[99]  R. Atkinson,et al.  Transitioning From Studying Examples to Solving Problems: Effects of Self-Explanation Prompts and Fading Worked-Out Steps. , 2003 .

[100]  Chun-Ming Chang,et al.  Knowledge sharing behavior in virtual communities: The relationship between trust, self-efficacy, and outcome expectations , 2007, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud..

[101]  Cornelia Glaser,et al.  Förderung der Schreibkompetenz bei Viertklässlern , 2010 .

[102]  D. Wegner.  A Computer Network Model of Human Transactive Memory , 1995 .

[103]  Tobias Greitemeyer,et al.  Präferenzkonsistenz und Geteiltheit von Informationen als Einflussfaktoren auf Informationsbewertung und intendiertes Diskussionsverhalten bei Gruppenentscheidungen , 2003 .

[104]  W. Güth,et al.  Ultimatum bargaining behavior : a survey and comparison of experimental results , 1990 .

[105]  Falko Rheinberg,et al.  Lernmotivation im Unterricht, erneut betrachtet , 1980 .

[106]  Ulrike Cress,et al.  The Impact of Cognitive Anchors on Information-Sharing Behavior , 2013, Cyberpsychology Behav. Soc. Netw..

[107]  M. McLure Wasko,et al.  "It is what one does": why people participate and help others in electronic communities of practice , 2000, J. Strateg. Inf. Syst..

[108]  N. Kerr.  Motivation losses in small groups: a social dilemma analysis , 1983 .

[109]  M. Carree,et al.  Locus of control and learning to cooperate in a prisoner's dilemma game , 2002 .

[110]  Ulrike Cress,et al.  Does the Type of Anonymity Matter? The Impact of Visualization on Information Sharing in Online Groups , 2011, Cyberpsychology Behav. Soc. Netw..

[111]  R. Lennox,et al.  Getting along and getting ahead: Empirical support for a theory of protective and acquisitive self-presentation. , 1986 .

[112]  D. Funder.  Global Traits: A Neo-Allportian Approach to Personality , 1991 .

[113]  A. Colman.  Cooperation, psychological game theory, and limitations of rationality in social interaction , 2003, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[114]  Ulrike Cress,et al.  Group awareness and self-presentation in computer-supported information exchange , 2008, Int. J. Comput. Support. Collab. Learn..

[115]  R. Mark Isaac,et al.  Divergent evidence on free riding: An experimental examination of possible explanations , 1984 .

[116]  Jordan B. Peterson,et al.  Extraversion, neuroticism, and the prisoner’s dilemma , 2009 .

[117]  G. Northcraft,et al.  Is it even worth it? The effect of loss prospects in the outcome distribution of a public goods dilemma , 2010 .

[118]  Mark Snyder,et al.  "The less I trust, the less I contribute (or not)?": The effects of trust, accountability and self-monitoring in social dilemmas , 2001 .

[119]  Edythe Johnson Holubec,et al.  Cooperation in the Classroom , 1993 .

[120]  Uwe Wilkesmann,et al.  The Absence of Cooperation Is Not Necessarily Defection: Structural and Motivational Constraints of Knowledge Transfer in a Social Dilemma Situation , 2009 .

[121]  Paul T. Costa,et al.  From catalog to classification: Murray's needs and the five-factor model. , 1988 .

[122]  H. Mandl,et al.  Förderung des computerbasierten Wissenserwerbs durch kooperatives Lernen und eine Feedbackmaßnahme , 2004 .

[123]  M. Zuckerman,et al.  Sensation seeking: A comparative approach to a human trait , 1984, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[124]  Julia Kronenberger,et al.  Fragen und Erklärungen beim kooperativen Lernen in Grundschulklassen , 2005 .

[125]  Norbert L. Kerr,et al.  Anonymity and social control in social dilemmas. , 1999 .

[126]  U. Cress,et al.  The social psychology of knowledge management , 2008 .

[127]  Rachel Croson,et al.  public goods experiments , 2010 .

[128]  H. Tajfel,et al.  The Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior. , 2004 .

[129]  Ramzi Suleiman,et al.  Incremental Contribution in Step-Level Public Goods Games with Asymmetric Players , 1993 .

[130]  Sherry L. Piezon,et al.  Perceptions of Social Loafing in Online Learning Groups: A study of Public University and U.S. Naval War College students , 2008 .

[131]  J. Shepperd.  Productivity loss in performance groups: A motivation analysis. , 1993 .

[132]  A. van Witteloostuijn,et al.  The impact of personality on behavior in five Prisoner's Dilemma games , 1999 .

[133]  Daniel Bodemer,et al.  Group awareness in CSCL environments , 2011, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[134]  David W. Johnson,et al.  Cooperation and Competition: Theory and Research , 1989 .

[135]  Ulrike Cress,et al.  Knowledge transfer by sharing task templates: two approaches and their psychological requirements , 2007 .

[136]  N. Kerr.  Norms in social dilemmas , 1995 .

[137]  P. Samuelson.  The Pure Theory of Public Expanditure , 1954 .

[138]  Ulrike Cress,et al.  A systemic and cognitive view on collaborative knowledge building with wikis , 2008, Int. J. Comput. Support. Collab. Learn..

[139]  Paul A. Bell,et al.  Conformity as a Determinant of Behavior in a Resource Dilemma , 1994 .

[140]  R. Mark Isaac,et al.  Group Size Effects in Public Goods Provision: The Voluntary Contributions Mechanism , 1988 .

[141]  Tim O'Reilly,et al.  What is Web 2.0: Design Patterns and Business Models for the Next Generation of Software , 2007 .

[142]  C. Rusbult,et al.  Development of prosocial, individualistic, and competitive orientations: theory and preliminary evidence. , 1997, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[143]  Edward T. Palazzolo.  Organizing for Information Retrieval in Transactive Memory Systems , 2005, Commun. Res..

[144]  Joachim Kimmerle,et al.  Using wikis for organizational learning: functional and psycho‐social principles , 2009 .

[145]  Ulrike Cress,et al.  Information Exchange With Shared Databases as a Social Dilemma , 2006, Commun. Res..

[146]  N. Chater,et al.  Context effects in games: Local versus global sequential effects on choice in the prisoner's dilemma game , 2007 .

[147]  J. Rotter.  A new scale for the measurement of interpersonal trust. , 1967, Journal of personality.

[148]  Alexander Rausch,et al.  Die schweigende Mehrheit – „Lurker“ in internetbasierten Diskussionsforen / The Silent Majority – “Lurkers” on Mailing Lists , 2001 .

[149]  E. Fehr,et al.  Cooperation and Punishment in Public Goods Experiments , 1999, SSRN Electronic Journal.

[150]  Herbert H. Clark,et al.  Grounding in communication , 1991, Perspectives on socially shared cognition.

[151]  Ying-yi Hong,et al.  Dynamic Influences of Culture on Cooperation in the Prisoner's Dilemma , 2005, Psychological science.

[152]  D. Messick,et al.  Alternative structural solutions to resource dilemmas , 1986 .

[153]  Robert E. Kraut,et al.  Predicting Continued Participation in Newsgroups , 2006, J. Comput. Mediat. Commun..

[154]  Jochen Musch,et al.  Defection in the dark? A randomized-response investigation of cooperativeness in social dilemma games , 2011 .