Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (M Ng PhD, T Fleming BS, M Robinson BA, B Thomson BA, N Graetz BS, C Margono BS, E C Mullany BA, S Biryukov BS, T Achoki PhD, Prof L Dandona MD, A Flaxman PhD, M H Forouzanfar PhD, A H Mokdad PhD, M Naghavi PhD, E L Nelson MLIS, M Tobias PhD, T Vos PhD, Prof C J L Murray PhD, Prof E Gakidou PhD), School of Medicine (J L Wright MD), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA (R Alfonso MD); “La Sapienza” University of Marie Ng, Tom Fleming, Margaret Robinson, Blake Thomson, Nicholas Graetz, Christopher Margono, Erin C Mullany, Stan Biryukov, Cristiana Abbafati*, Semaw Ferede Abera*, Jerry P Abraham*, Niveen M E Abu-Rmeileh*, Tom Achoki*, Fadia S AlBuhairan*, Zewdie A Alemu*, Rafael Alfonso*, Mohammed K Ali*, Raghib Ali*, Nelson Alvis Guzman*, Walid Ammar*, Palwasha Anwari*, Amitava Banerjee*, Simon Barquera*, Sanjay Basu*, Derrick A Bennett*, Zulfi qar Bhutta*, Jed Blore*, Norberto Cabral*, Ismael Campos Nonato*, Jung-Chen Chang*, Rajiv Chowdhury*, Karen J Courville*, Michael H Criqui*, David K Cundiff *, Kaustubh C Dabhadkar*, Lalit Dandona*, Adrian Davis*, Anand Dayama*, Samath D Dharmaratne*, Eric L Ding*, Adnan M Durrani*, Alireza Esteghamati*, Farshad Farzadfar*, Derek F J Fay*, Valery L Feigin*, Abraham Flaxman*, Mohammad H Forouzanfar*, Atsushi Goto*, Mark A Green*, Rajeev Gupta*, Nima Hafezi-Nejad*, Graeme J Hankey*, Heather C Harewood*, Rasmus Havmoeller*, Simon Hay*, Lucia Hernandez*, Abdullatif Husseini*, Bulat T Idrisov*, Nayu Ikeda*, Farhad Islami*, Eiman Jahangir*, Simerjot K Jassal*, Sun Ha Jee*, Mona Jeff reys*, Jost B Jonas*, Edmond K Kabagambe*, Shams Eldin Ali Hassan Khalifa*, Andre Pascal Kengne*, Yousef Saleh Khader*, Young-Ho Khang*, Daniel Kim*, Ruth W Kimokoti*, Jonas M Kinge*, Yoshihiro Kokubo*, Soewarta Kosen*, Gene Kwan*, Taavi Lai*, Mall Leinsalu*, Yichong Li*, Xiaofeng Liang*, Shiwei Liu*, Giancarlo Logroscino*, Paulo A Lotufo*, Yuan Lu*, Jixiang Ma*, Nana Kwaku Mainoo*, George A Mensah*, Tony R Merriman*, Ali H Mokdad*, Joanna Moschandreas*, Mohsen Naghavi*, Aliya Naheed*, Devina Nand*, K M Venkat Narayan*, Erica Leigh Nelson*, Marian L Neuhouser*, Muhammad Imran Nisar*, Takayoshi Ohkubo*, Samuel O Oti*, Andrea Pedroza*, Dorairaj Prabhakaran*, Nobhojit Roy*, Uchechukwu Sampson*, Hyeyoung Seo*, Sadaf G Sepanlou*, Kenji Shibuya*, Rahman Shiri*, Ivy Shiue*, Gitanjali M Singh*, Jasvinder A Singh*, Vegard Skirbekk*, Nicolas J C Stapelberg*, Lela Sturua*, Bryan L Sykes*, Martin Tobias*, Bach X Tran*, Leonardo Trasande*, Hideaki Toyoshima*, Steven van de Vijver*, Tommi J Vasankari*, J Lennert Veerman*, Gustavo Velasquez-Melendez*, Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov*, Stein Emil Vollset*, Theo Vos*, Claire Wang*, XiaoRong Wang*, Elisabete Weiderpass*, Andrea Werdecker*, Jonathan L Wright*, Y Claire Yang*, Hiroshi Yatsuya*, Jihyun Yoon*, Seok-Jun Yoon*, Yong Zhao*, Maigeng Zhou*, Shankuan Zhu*, Alan D Lopez†, Christopher J L Murray†, Emmanuela Gakidou†‡

Alan D. Lopez | L. Dandona | V. Feigin | T. Vos | M. Forouzanfar | M. Naghavi | A. Flaxman | S. Hay | G. Hankey | Y. Khang | T. Merriman | T. Ohkubo | C. Abbafati | S. Abera | R. Ali | E. Weiderpass | W. Ammar | P. Anwari | S. Barquera | D. Bennett | Jung-Chen Chang | M. Criqui | S. Dharmaratne | A. Esteghamati | F. Farzadfar | E. Gakidou | N. Hafezi-Nejad | Rasmus J Havmoeller | J. Jonas | R. Kimokoti | Y. Kokubo | S. Kosen | Yichong Li | Xiaofeng Liang | Shiwei Liu | P. Lotufo | G. Mensah | A. Naheed | S. Sepanlou | R. Shiri | I. Shiue | V. Skirbekk | Bryan L. Sykes | T. Vasankari | S. Vollset | A. Werdecker | Seok-Jun Yoon | A. Davis | E. Ding | A. Goto | A. Husseini | B. Idrisov | S. Jassal | G. Logroscino | V. Vlassov | H. Yatsuya | L. Trasande | M. Neuhouser | S. Jee | D. Nand | U. Sampson | Gitanjali M Singh | K. Dabhadkar | J. Blore | N. Stapelberg | J. Veerman | M. Tobias | Nayu Ikeda | G. Velásquez-Melendez | T. Achoki | Z. A. Alemu | K. Courville | A. Dayama | Adnan M. Durrani | Derek F J Fay | Lucía Hernández | S. Khalifa | J. Kinge | T. Lai | J. Moschandreas | M. I. Nisar | A. Pedroza | L. Sturua | H. Toyoshima | S. V. D. Vijver | J. Wright | Yong Zhao | H. Harewood | E. Kabagambe | M. Leinsalu | Xiaorong Wang | F. Albuhairan | R. Alfonso | N. A. Guzmán | N. Cabral | D. Cundiff | Nana Kwaku Mainoo | S. Oti | Hyeyoung Seo | Simerjot K Jassal | Yong Zhao | Nicolas J. C. Stapelberg | K. Narayan | D. Prabhakaran | M. A. Green | Seok-Jun Yoon | Sanjay Basu | C. Murray | R. Gupta | Kenjiro Shibuya | A. Banerjee | Yousef S. Khader | Shiwei Liu | Zulfikar Bhutta | Claire Wang | Jasvinder A. Singh | Shankuan Zhu | Nobhojit Roy | Rajeev Gupta | Daniel Kim | A. Kengne | Maigeng Zhou | Rajiv Chowdhury | Eiman Jahangir | Ismael Campos Nonato | E. L. Nelson | Jung-Chen Chang | Lucia Hernandez | Mona Jeff reys | Xiaofeng Liang | Ali H. Mokdad | Gitanjali M Singh | Jasvinder A Singh | XiaoRong Wang | Claire Yang | Jihyun Yoon | Maigeng Zhou | Shankuan Zhu | Alan D Lopez | Daniel H. Kim | Claire Yang | Jihyun Yoon | A. Mokdad | N. J. Stapelberg | Kaustubh C Dabhadkar | Uchechukwu Sampson | Heather C Harewood

[1]  A. Altymysheva,et al.  The prevalence of smoking among residents of the Kyrgyz Republic (Utilizing the WHO STEPwise approach to surveillance (STEPS)) , 2015 .

[2]  E. Rimm,et al.  Metabolic mediators of the effects of body-mass index, overweight, and obesity on coronary heart disease and stroke: a pooled analysis of 97 prospective cohorts with 1·8 million participants , 2014, The Lancet.

[3]  K. Flegal,et al.  Prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in the United States, 2011-2012. , 2014, JAMA.

[4]  Alexandra Wollum,et al.  Smoking prevalence and cigarette consumption in 187 countries, 1980-2012. , 2014, JAMA.

[5]  J. Peters,et al.  Commentary: physical activity and weight control. , 2013, International journal of epidemiology.

[6]  Richard S Cooper,et al.  Physical activity does not influence obesity risk: time to clarify the public health message. , 2013, International journal of epidemiology.

[7]  B. Swinburn Commentary: physical activity as a minor player in the obesity epidemic: what are the deep implications? , 2013, International journal of epidemiology.

[8]  S. Blair,et al.  Commentary: Luke and Cooper are wrong: physical activity has a crucial role in weight management and determinants of obesity. , 2013, International journal of epidemiology.

[9]  W. Doehner Overweight, obesity, and all-cause mortality. , 2013, JAMA.

[10]  K. Flegal,et al.  Association of All-Cause Mortality With Overweight and Obesity Using Standard Body Mass Index Categories , 2012 .

[11]  Bernadette A. Thomas,et al.  Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 , 2012, The Lancet.

[12]  Mohsen Naghavi,et al.  GBD 2010: design, definitions, and metrics , 2012, The Lancet.

[13]  Alan D. Lopez,et al.  Age-specific and sex-specific mortality in 187 countries, 1970–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 , 2012, The Lancet.

[14]  Alan D. Lopez,et al.  A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 , 2012, The Lancet.

[15]  Gretchen A. Stevens,et al.  National, regional, and global trends in adult overweight and obesity prevalences , 2012, Population Health Metrics.

[16]  Gretchen A. Stevens,et al.  Trends in mild, moderate, and severe stunting and underweight, and progress towards MDG 1 in 141 developing countries: a systematic analysis of population representative data , 2012, The Lancet.

[17]  A. Astrup,et al.  Diet composition and obesity , 2012, The Lancet.

[18]  Nancy Fullman,et al.  Global malaria mortality between 1980 and 2010: a systematic analysis , 2012, The Lancet.

[19]  Sharon I. Greenblum,et al.  Metagenomic systems biology of the human gut microbiome reveals topological shifts associated with obesity and inflammatory bowel disease , 2011, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[20]  B. Swinburn,et al.  The global obesity pandemic: shaped by global drivers and local environments , 2011, The Lancet.

[21]  Tim Marsh,et al.  Changing the future of obesity: science, policy, and action , 2011, The Lancet.

[22]  H. Choi,et al.  Self-reported and measured weight, height and body mass index (BMI) in Italy, the Netherlands and North America. , 2011, European journal of public health.

[23]  Mohsen Naghavi,et al.  Maternal Mortality for 181 Countries, 1980−2008: A Systematic Analysis of Progress Toward Millennium Development Goal 5 , 2011 .

[24]  Arthur Kaser,et al.  Gut microbiome, obesity, and metabolic dysfunction. , 2011, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[25]  Claude Bouchard,et al.  Trends over 5 Decades in U.S. Occupation-Related Physical Activity and Their Associations with Obesity , 2011, PloS one.

[26]  Gretchen A. Stevens,et al.  National, regional, and global trends in body-mass index since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 960 country-years and 9·1 million participants , 2011, The Lancet.

[27]  Jennifer L Baker,et al.  The levelling off of the obesity epidemic since the year 1999 – a review of evidence and perspectives , 2010, Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity.

[28]  M. Blössner,et al.  Global prevalence and trends of overweight and obesity among preschool children. , 2010, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[29]  Sarah L. Berga,et al.  Faculty Opinions recommendation of Maternal mortality for 181 countries, 1980-2008: a systematic analysis of progress towards Millennium Development Goal 5. , 2010 .

[30]  Alison Levin-Rector,et al.  Neonatal, postneonatal, childhood, and under-5 mortality for 187 countries, 1970–2010: a systematic analysis of progress towards Millennium Development Goal 4 , 2010, The Lancet.

[31]  Alan D. Lopez,et al.  Maternal mortality for 181 countries, 1980–2008: a systematic analysis of progress towards Millennium Development Goal 5 , 2010, The Lancet.

[32]  K. Flegal,et al.  Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999-2008. , 2010, JAMA.

[33]  E. Ravussin,et al.  Increased food energy supply is more than sufficient to explain the US epidemic of obesity. , 2009, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[34]  A. Drewnowski,et al.  The nutrition transition: new trends in the global diet. , 2009, Nutrition reviews.

[35]  R. Collins,et al.  Body-mass index and cause-specific mortality in 900 000 adults: collaborative analyses of 57 prospective studies , 2009, Lancet.

[36]  Elena Rusticelli,et al.  The Obesity Epidemic: Analysis of Past and Projected Future Trends in Selected OECD Countries , 2009 .

[37]  B. Roe,et al.  A core gut microbiome in obese and lean twins , 2008, Nature.

[38]  M. Zwahlen,et al.  Body-mass index and incidence of cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies , 2008, The Lancet.

[39]  D. Moher,et al.  A comparison of direct vs. self‐report measures for assessing height, weight and body mass index: a systematic review , 2007, Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity.

[40]  Alyce Adams,et al.  Why is the Developed World Obese? , 2007, Annual review of public health.

[41]  E. Mardis,et al.  An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest , 2006, Nature.

[42]  C. Murray,et al.  Trends in national and state-level obesity in the USA after correction for self-report bias: analysis of health surveys. , 2006, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine.

[43]  P. Ernsberger,et al.  The epidemiology of overweight and obesity: public health crisis or moral panic? , 2006, International journal of epidemiology.

[44]  M. Gail,et al.  Efficacy and Tolerability of Long-Acting Injectable Naltrexone for Alcohol Dependence: A Randomized Controlled Trial , 2005, Gynecologic oncology.

[45]  S. Olshansky,et al.  A potential decline in life expectancy in the United States in the 21st century. , 2005, The New England journal of medicine.

[46]  S. Jebb,et al.  Prevalence of obesity in Great Britain , 2005, Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity.

[47]  Edward A Frongillo,et al.  Methodology for estimating regional and global trends of child malnutrition. , 2004, International journal of epidemiology.

[48]  X. Qiang,et al.  The obesity pandemic: where have we been and where are we going? , 2004, Obesity research.

[49]  M. Woodward,et al.  Body mass index and cardiovascular disease in the Asia-Pacific Region: an overview of 33 cohorts involving 310 000 participants. , 2004, International journal of epidemiology.

[50]  A. Prentice,et al.  Energy intake/physical activity interactions in the homeostasis of body weight regulation. , 2004, Nutrition reviews.

[51]  Clifford L Johnson,et al.  Secular trends in dietary intake in the United States. , 2004, Annual review of nutrition.

[52]  C. Nishida,et al.  Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies , 2004, The Lancet.

[53]  E. A. Sims,et al.  Are there persons who are obese, but metabolically healthy? , 2001, Metabolism: clinical and experimental.

[54]  B. Popkin The nutrition transition and obesity in the developing world. , 2001, The Journal of nutrition.

[55]  A. Astrup,et al.  Obesity : Preventing and managing the global epidemic , 2000 .

[56]  T. Cole,et al.  Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: international survey , 2000, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[57]  B. Popkin,et al.  Global nutrition transition and the pandemic of obesity in developing countries. , 2012, Nutrition reviews.

[58]  J. Danesh,et al.  Separate and combined associations of body-mass index and abdominal adiposity with cardiovascular disease: collaborative analysis of 58 prospective studies. , 2011, Lancet.

[59]  T. Cole,et al.  PEDIATRIC HIGHLIGHT Childhood obesity and overweight prevalence trends in England: evidence for growing socioeconomic disparities , 2010 .

[60]  E. C. Moura,et al.  Prevalence of overweight and obesity and associated factors, Brazil, 2006. , 2009, Revista de saude publica.

[61]  M. Beydoun,et al.  The obesity epidemic in the United States--gender, age, socioeconomic, racial/ethnic, and geographic characteristics: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. , 2007, Epidemiologic reviews.

[62]  A. Mokdad,et al.  Prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and obesity-related health risk factors, 2001. , 2003, JAMA.

[63]  A. Blanc Demographic and health surveys , 1991 .