Ontological Evaluation of the UML Using the Bunge–Wand–Weber Model

An ontological model of information systems, the Bunge–Wand–Weber (BWW) model, is used to analyse and evaluate the Unified Modeling Language (UML) as a language for representing concrete problem domains. As a result, each relevant and major UML construct becomes more precisely defined in terms of the phenomena in and aspects of the problem domain it represents. The analysis and evaluation shows that many of the central UML constructs are well matched with the BWW-model, but also suggests several concrete improvements to the UML-metamodel. New metaclasses are proposed to distinguish between (physically) impossible and (humanly) disallowed events, based on UML-exceptions. New abstract metaclasses are proposed for static and behavioural constraints, behaviours and static behaviours, as well as binding relationships and coupled events. New meta-subclasses of UML-objects, -classes, -typesand -relationshipsare proposed to make the UML more orthogonal, and a new definition is proposed for UML-responsibilities. The analysis also shows that the constructs in the UML must play several roles simultaneously, supporting representation both of the problem domain, of the development artifacts and of the proposed software or information system, while fitting together as a tightly integrated, well-defined language.