The Influence of Organizational Justice and Job Satisfaction on Organizational Commitment in Portugal’s Hotel Industry

A survey of employees at four- and five-star hotels in the north of Portugal found that employees who feel they are treated fairly may develop higher levels of job satisfaction, and, in turn, higher levels of organizational commitment. A key variable in this context is the influence of employees’ perceptions of workplace fairness. The study tested three forms of organizational justice—distributive justice, interactional justice, and procedural justice—as they influence three types of organizational commitment: affective commitment, continuance commitment, and normative commitment. Of the three types of justice, procedural justice is related to all organizational commitment components, distributive justice is not related to any of them, and interactional justice is not related to affective commitment, and is actually negatively related to normative and continuance commitment. The study also tested the relationship of job satisfaction with the other variables. The results indicate tha job satisfaction significantly influences affective and normative commitment, while distributive justice and interactional justice do in fact influence job satisfaction.

[1]  John P. Meyer,et al.  Commitment to organizations and occupations: Extension and test of a three-component conceptualization. , 1993 .

[2]  A. Suliman,et al.  Organizational justice, commitment and performance in developing countries , 2012 .

[3]  Bruce A. Rayton.  Examining the interconnection of job satisfaction and organizational commitment: an application of the bivariate probit model , 2006 .

[4]  Kok Wei Khong,et al.  Organizational Commitment: The Study of Organizational Justice and Leader Member Exchange (LMX) Among Auditors in Malaysia , 2009 .

[5]  T. L. Tang,et al.  Distributive and Procedural Justice as Related to Satisfaction and Commitment. , 1996 .

[6]  Zaini Jamaludin.  Developing A “Tough To Copy” Competative Advantage (Organizational Commitment) Through Perceived Organizational Justice , 2011 .

[7]  Clive Fletcher,et al.  Performance Management, Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment1 , 1996 .

[8]  C. Fornell,et al.  Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. , 1981 .

[9]  Edwin A. Locke,et al.  Job satisfaction. , 1969, Hospital administration currents.

[10]  D. Sommers,et al.  A longitudinal analysis , 1992 .

[11]  E. A. Locke.  The nature and causes of job satisfaction , 1976 .

[12]  Orly Shapira-Lishchinsky,et al.  Withdrawal Behaviors Syndrome: An Ethical Perspective , 2011 .

[13]  R. Klendauer,et al.  Organizational justice and managerial commitment in corporate mergers , 2009 .

[14]  Jerald Greenberg,et al.  The Quest for Justice on the Job: Essays and Experiments , 1995 .

[15]  James C. Anderson,et al.  STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING IN PRACTICE: A REVIEW AND RECOMMENDED TWO-STEP APPROACH , 1988 .

[16]  H. Turgut.  THE EFFECT OF EMPLOYEES ’ ORGANIZATIONAL JUSTICE PERCEPTIONS ON THEIR ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT : A UNIVERSITY SAMPLE , 2012 .

[17]  Russell Cropanzano,et al.  Do East Asians Respond More/Less Strongly to Organizational Justice than North Americans? A Meta-Analysis , 2009 .

[18]  Petra Christmann.  Effects of “Best Practices” of Environmental Management on Cost Advantage: The Role of Complementary Assets , 2000 .

[19]  Jixia Yang,et al.  Procedural justice climate and group power distance: an examination of cross-level interaction effects. , 2007, The Journal of applied psychology.

[20]  Donald E. Conlon,et al.  Justice at the millennium: a meta-analytic review of 25 years of organizational justice research. , 2001, The Journal of applied psychology.

[21]  T. Baum,et al.  Policy dimensions of human resource management in the tourism and hospitality industries , 1997 .

[22]  E. Lambert,et al.  The Impact of Distributive and Procedural Justice on Social Service Workers , 2005 .

[23]  Reza Mahmoudi,et al.  Applying Organizational Concepts in the Iran Public Sector: A Preliminary Empirical Work on Justice , 2010 .

[24]  Debra A. Laverie,et al.  Using Job Satisfaction and Pride as Internal-marketing Tools , 2002 .

[25]  Terry A. Beehr,et al.  Becoming an undercover police officer: a note on fairness perceptions, behavior, and attitudes , 2003 .

[26]  Suzanne K. Murrmann,et al.  Motivational Effects of Empowerment on Employees’ Organizational Commitment , 2012 .

[27]  M. Konovsky,et al.  Perceived fairness of employee drug testing as a predictor of employee attitudes and job performance. , 1991, The Journal of applied psychology.

[28]  J. Colquitt.  On the dimensionality of organizational justice: a construct validation of a measure. , 2001, The Journal of applied psychology.

[29]  K. Leung,et al.  Job attitudes and organizational justice in joint venture hotels in China: the role of expatriate managers , 2001 .

[30]  Kwok Leung,et al.  Job Satisfaction in Joint Venture Hotels in China: An Organizational Justice Analysis , 1996 .

[31]  R. Folger,et al.  Relative effects of procedural and distributive justice on employee attitudes. , 1987 .

[32]  S. Harvey,et al.  Employer Treatment of Employees During a Community Crisis: The Role of Procedural and Distributive Justice , 2005 .

[33]  Junaidah Hashim,et al.  Role of organizational justice in determining work outcomes of national and expatriate academic staff in Malaysia , 2011 .

[34]  PROFESSORES UNIVERSITÁRIOS AFECTIVAMENTE EMPENHADOS NAS SUAS INSTITUIÇÕES: O "AMOR À CAMISOLA" RADICADO NO SENTIDO DE JUSTIÇA * , 2002 .

[35]  F. Schmidt.  Meta-Analysis , 2008 .

[36]  Bruce R. Lewis,et al.  An Empirical Assessment of the , 2017 .

[37]  R. Dubin,et al.  Unit Performance, Situational Factors and Employee Attitudes in Spatially Separated Work Units. , 1974 .

[38]  Harif Amali Rifai.  A Test of the Relationships among Perceptions of Justice, Job Satisfaction, Affective Commitment and Organizational Citizenship Behavior , 2005 .

[39]  Scott B. MacKenzie,et al.  Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. , 2003, The Journal of applied psychology.

[40]  John P. Meyer,et al.  Testing the "Side-Bet Theory" of Organizational Commitment: Some Methodological Considerations , 1984 .

[41]  D. A. Kenny,et al.  The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. , 1986, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[42]  Mostafai Ali,et al.  Effect of organizational justice over affective commitment and the role of marital status , 2010, 2010 IEEE 17Th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management.

[43]  Angelika Bayer,et al.  Working With Emotional Intelligence , 2016 .

[44]  Robert H. Moorman,et al.  Relationship between organizational justice and organizational citizenship behaviors : do fairness perceptions influence employee citizenship ? , 1991 .

[45]  R. Folger,et al.  Effects of Procedural and Distributive Justice on Reactions to Pay Raise Decisions , 1989 .

[46]  P. Hom,et al.  A Meta-Analysis of Antecedents and Correlates of Employee Turnover: Update, Moderator Tests, and Research Implications for the Next Millennium , 2000 .

[47]  Elzbieta Lepkowska-White,et al.  An empirical test of antecedents and consequences of salesperson job satisfaction among Polish retail salespeople , 2003 .

[48]  Paul J. Kobulnicky,et al.  Commitment in the workplace: Theory, research and application , 1998 .

[49]  Richard M. Steers.  Antecedents and outcomes of organizational commitment. , 1977, Administrative science quarterly.

[50]  Paul E. Spector.  Job satisfaction: application, assessment, cause, and consequences , 1997 .

[51]  Thomas E. Becker,et al.  Employee commitment and motivation: a conceptual analysis and integrative model. , 2004, The Journal of applied psychology.

[52]  Arménio Rego,et al.  Comprometimento organizacional em organizações autentizóticas: um estudo Luso-Brasileiro , 2004 .

[53]  David W. Gerbing,et al.  An Updated Paradigm for Scale Development Incorporating Unidimensionality and Its Assessment , 1988 .

[54]  S. P. Schappe,et al.  The influence of job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and fairness perceptions on organizational citizenship behavior. , 1998, The Journal of psychology.

[55]  C. Schriesheim.  Causal Analysis: Assumptions, Models, and Data , 1982 .

[56]  John P. Meyer,et al.  AFFECTIVE, CONTINUANCE, AND NORMATIVE COMMITMENT TO THE ORGANIZATION: A META-ANALYSIS OF ANTECEDENTS, CORRELATES, AND CONSEQUENCES , 2002 .

[57]  Lillian T. Eby,et al.  Motivational bases of affective organizational commitment: A partial test of an integrative theoretical model , 1999 .

[58]  C. Varum,et al.  Scenarios and possible futures for hospitality and tourism , 2011 .

[59]  J. L. Price,et al.  Determinants of Employee Job Satisfaction: An Empirical Test of a Causal Model , 1993 .

[60]  Richard T. Mowday,et al.  Reflections on the study and relevance of organizational commitment , 1998 .

[61]  D. Bowen,et al.  The Management of Organizational Justice , 2007 .

[62]  Arti Bakhshi,et al.  Organizational Justice Perceptions as Predictor of Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment , 2009 .

[63]  Charles E. Lance,et al.  Examining the Causal Order of Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment , 1992 .

[64]  Jan-Benedict E. M. Steenkamp,et al.  The use of LISREL in validating marketing constructs. , 1991 .

[65]  E. B. Andersen,et al.  Modern factor analysis , 1961 .

[66]  Xiaoyi Wu,et al.  The Impact of Organizational Justice on Employees' Pay Satisfaction, Work Attitudes and Performance in Chinese Hotels , 2008 .

[67]  Arnon E. Reichers,et al.  A review and reconceptualization of organizational commitment. , 1985, Academy of management review. Academy of Management.

[68]  Ike-Elechi Ogba,et al.  Commitment in the workplace: The impact of income and age on employee commitment in Nigerian banking sector , 2008 .

[69]  Cem Tanova,et al.  An investigation of the role of justice in turnover intentions, job satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behavior in hospitality industry. , 2010 .

[70]  K. Jones,et al.  The Effects of Leadership Style on Hotel Employees' Commitment to Service Quality , 2009 .

[71]  K. Back,et al.  Internal Relationship Marketing: Korean Casino Employees’ Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment , 2011 .

[72]  J. Pfeffer,et al.  An examination of need-satisfaction models of job attitudes. , 1977 .

[73]  John P. Meyer,et al.  Commitment in organizations: Accumulated wisdom and new directions. , 2009 .

[74]  H. Jeff Smith,et al.  Information Privacy: Measuring Individuals' Concerns About Organizational Practices , 1996, MIS Q..

[75]  J. Mathieu,et al.  A review and meta-analysis of the antecedents, correlates, and consequences of organizational commitment , 1990 .

[76]  M. Chambel,et al.  They don't want to be temporaries: similarities between temps and core workers , 2007 .

[77]  J. Perry,et al.  An empirical assessment of organizational commitment and organizational effectiveness. , 1981 .

[78]  E. Günlü,et al.  Job satisfaction and organizational commitment of hotel managers in Turkey , 2010 .

[79]  Lawrence B. Chonko,et al.  Organizational Commitment and Marketing , 1985 .

[80]  P. Morrow.  Concept Redundancy in Organizational Research: The Case of Work Commitment , 1983 .

[81]  Osman M. Karatepe,et al.  The Impact of Self-Efficacy on Job Outcomes of Hotel Employees , 2007 .

[82]  C. Fornell,et al.  Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error: Algebra and Statistics , 1981 .

[83]  Stephen J. Vodanovich,et al.  A field study of distributive and procedural justice as predictors of satisfaction and organizational commitment , 1995 .

[84]  U. Yavas,et al.  Satisfaction among expatriate managers: correlates and consequences , 1999 .

[85]  J. Clay-Warner,et al.  Organizational Justice and Job Satisfaction: A Test of Three Competing Models , 2005 .

[86]  P. Sweeney,et al.  Distributive and procedural justice as predictors of satisfaction with personal and organizational outcomes. , 1992 .

[87]  Denis Chênevert,et al.  Étude de l’évolution des déterminants de l’engagement affectif : le rôle de l’habilitation, du plafonnement de carrière et de la justice organisationnelle , 2007 .

[88]  S. Ruhle,et al.  Residual affective commitment to organizations: Concept, causes and consequences☆ , 2013 .

[89]  Todd Dane Bozeman.  Job satisfaction. , 2007, Nursing management.

[90]  William H. Hendrix,et al.  Effects of procedural and distributive justice on factors predictive of turnover. , 1998 .

[91]  Stephen J. Jaros,et al.  Meyer and Allen Model of Organizational Commitment: Measurement Issues , 2007 .

[92]  John P. Meyer,et al.  A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment , 1991 .

[93]  Larry E. Penley,et al.  Etzioni's model of organizational involvement: A perspective for understanding commitment to organizations , 1988 .

[94]  Roger C. Mayer,et al.  Differentiating antecedents of organizational commitment: a test of March and Simon's model , 1998 .

[95]  C. A. Martins,et al.  A ROTAÇÃO DE PESSOAL E A GESTÃO DE RECURSOS HUMANOS NA HOTELARIA: O CASO DA REGIÃO DO PORTO E NORTE DE PORTUGAL , 2005 .

[96]  John P. Meyer,et al.  The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organization , 1990 .

[97]  T. S. Bateman,et al.  A longitudinal analysis of the antecedents of organizational commitment. , 1984, Academy of Management journal. Academy of Management.

[98]  Marian N. Ruderman,et al.  The role of procedural and distributive justice in organizational behavior , 1987 .

[99]  Dieter Zapf,et al.  Job satisfaction: a meta-analysis of stabilities , 2001 .

[100]  Scott D. Camp,et al.  Assessing the Effects of Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction on Turnover: An Event History Approach , 1994 .

[101]  Jen-te Yang.  Effect of newcomer socialisation on organisational commitment, job satisfaction, and turnover intention in the hotel industry , 2008 .

[102]  Robert H. Moorman,et al.  Treating employees fairly and organizational citizenship behavior: Sorting the effects of job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and procedural justice , 1993 .

[103]  Paul E. Spector,et al.  The Role of Justice in Organizations: A Meta-Analysis , 2001 .

[104]  B. Föger.  The FIELD study , 2006, The Lancet.

[105]  D. Hibbs.  On analyzing the effects of policy interventions : Box-Jenkins and Box-Tiao vs. structural equation models , 1977 .