Errors in the Measurement of Covariates

Measurement or misclassification errors in covariates lead to biased estimates of regression parameters. Corrections typically, require addition date such as replication of errors observations, validation through direct observation of correct values, or the introduction of further “instrument” variables. Methods described include regression calibration, simulation extrapolation, and the use of estimating equations. An example is based on a case–control study of cervical cancer. Keywords: misclassification; replication; validation; instrumental variation; regression calibration; simulation extrapolation; estimating equations; score function; cervice inner; model misspecification

[1]  Leonard A. Stefanski,et al.  The effects of measurement error on parameter estimation , 1985 .

[2]  R. Prentice,et al.  Regression calibration in failure time regression. , 1997, Biometrics.

[3]  Michal Kulich,et al.  Additive Hazards Regression with Covariate Measurement Error , 2000 .

[4]  D. W. Schafer.  Likelihood analysis for probit regression with measurement errors , 1993 .

[5]  Daniel O. Stram,et al.  The Errors-in-Variables Problem: Considerations Provided by Radiation Dose-Response Analyses of the A-Bomb Survivor Data , 1992 .

[6]  Leonard A. Stefanski,et al.  Corrected Score Estimation via Complex Variable Simulation Extrapolation , 2002 .

[7]  Ben Armstrong,et al.  Measurement error in the generalised linear model , 1985 .

[8]  Bruce W. Turnbull,et al.  Semiparametric Regression Models for Repeated Events with Random Effects and Measurement Error , 1999 .

[9]  D. Ruppert,et al.  Random-Effect Models in Nonlinear Regression with Applications to Bioassay , 1989 .

[10]  B Rosner,et al.  Correction of logistic regression relative risk estimates and confidence intervals for systematic within-person measurement error. , 2006, Statistics in medicine.

[11]  Kung-Yee Liang,et al.  Approximate Likelihoods for Generalized Linear Errors‐in‐variables Models , 1997 .

[12]  Yasuo Amemiya,et al.  Estimation for the Nonlinear Functional Relationship , 1988 .

[13]  A S Whittemore,et al.  Poisson regression with misclassified counts: application to cervical cancer. , 1991, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series C, Applied statistics.

[14]  Thomas R. Fleming,et al.  A Nonparametric Method for Dealing with Mismeasured Covariate Data , 1991 .

[15]  Raymond J. Carroll,et al.  On errors-in-variables for binary regression models , 1984 .

[16]  J. R. Cook,et al.  Simulation-Extrapolation Estimation in Parametric Measurement Error Models , 1994 .

[17]  Raymond J. Carroll,et al.  Covariate Measurement Error in Logistic Regression , 1985 .

[18]  R. Prentice.  Covariate measurement errors and parameter estimation in a failure time regression model , 1982 .

[19]  R J Carroll,et al.  Quasilikelihood estimation in measurement error models with correlated replicates. , 1996, Biometrics.

[20]  Raymond J. Carroll,et al.  A Semiparametric Correction for Attenuation , 1994 .

[21]  Kathleen G. Purdy,et al.  Likelihood analysis for errors-in-variables regression with replicate measurements , 1996 .

[22]  B Rosner,et al.  Correction of logistic regression relative risk estimates and confidence intervals for measurement error: the case of multiple covariates measured with error. , 1990, American journal of epidemiology.

[23]  Alice S. Whittemore,et al.  Approximations for Regression with Covariate Measurement Error , 1988 .

[24]  Raymond J. Carroll,et al.  Asymptotics for the SIMEX Estimator in Nonlinear Measurement Error Models , 1996 .

[25]  Yijian Huang,et al.  Cox Regression with Accurate Covariates Unascertainable: A Nonparametric-Correction Approach , 2000 .

[26]  Tsuyoshi Nakamura.  Corrected score function for errors-in-variables models : Methodology and application to generalized linear models , 1990 .

[27]  Raymond J. Carroll,et al.  Approximate Quasi-likelihood Estimation in Models with Surrogate Predictors , 1990 .

[28]  J. R. Cook,et al.  Simulation-Extrapolation: The Measurement Error Jackknife , 1995 .

[29]  Anastasios A. Tsiatis,et al.  A semiparametric estimator for the proportional hazards model with longitudinal covariates measured with error , 2001 .

[30]  Daniel W. Schafer,et al.  Covariate measurement error in generalized linear models , 1987 .

[31]  S B Hulley,et al.  Overall and coronary heart disease mortality rates in relation to major risk factors in 325,348 men screened for the MRFIT. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. , 1986, American heart journal.

[32]  M. Davidian,et al.  Estimating the parameters in the Cox model when covariate variables are measured with error. , 1998, Biometrics.

[33]  R. Prentice,et al.  Measurement error and results from analytic epidemiology: dietary fat and breast cancer. , 1996, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.