Organizational knowledge and communities of practice

Les AA. passent en revue les differentes approches utilisees dans la litterature pour traiter des communautes de pratiques. Trois domaines de recherche contribuent actuellement a definir les concepts de communautes de pratiques : les etudes sur l'apprentissage en situation et l'action en situation ; les etudes sur la cognition distribuee (ou l'interaction entre les gens, les artefacts et le contexte dans la resolution des problemes) ; les etudes en communication, en particulier une tradition linguistique explorant les reseaux sociaux au moyen de l'analyse du discours et de l'analyse des conversations. Les etudes de cas de communautes de pratiques sur le lieu de travail relevent de deux types : celles ecrites dans une perspective performative et celles ecrites dans une perspective interpretative ou constructiviste. Les etudes sur les motivations au partage des connaisances et a la participation a une communaute de pratiques appartiennent a deux grandes categories, fondees respectivement sur une philosophie de marche et sur une philosophie de l'attention. Les facteurs de motivations et les incitations identifies dans la litterature sont : les recompenses de type economique, les recompenses sous forme d'acces a l'information et a la connaissance, de creation du capital social, d'avancement et de reconnaissance professionnels, et la creation d'environnements propices a la participation aux communautes de pratiques. Les infrastructures de soutien aux communautes de pratiques sont les technologies pour la communication et la representation, les objets frontieres, les infrastructures sociales ou reseaux de contact. Les communautes virtuelles ne sont pas forcement synonymes de communautes de pratiques. En conclusion, le theme des communautes de pratiques peut etre aligne avec un certain nombre d'etudes en sciences de l'information centrees sur l'ecologie et l'ethologie du lieu de travail.

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