Marginal Structural Models

In many applications, one would like to estimate the effect of a treatment or exposure on various subpopulations. For example, one may be interested in these questions: What is the effect of an antidepressant medication on Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) score for those who enter a study with severe depression, and for those who enter with moderate depression? What is the effect of a cancer therapy for those who test positive for overexpression of a particular gene and for those who test negative for overexpression of that gene? What is the impact of low adherence to antiretroviral therapy on viral load for HIV-positive individuals who have just achieved viral suppression and for those who have maintained continuous viral suppression for 1 year?

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