Hydrological implications of desertification in southeastern Spain / Implications hydrologiques de la désertification dans le sud-est de l'Espagne

Abstract The climatic variability of southeastern Spain recently produced one of the driest periods of the 20th century, which provoked a marked decrease in river flows. A study of trends was applied to four representative rainfall stations (Granada, Almería, Murcia and Alicante) and showed that the downward trend is generalised. Three of the stations registered abrupt changes. A study of later decades showed that precipitation fell by 9.2 and 11.7% in Granada and Almería, respectively, between 1980 and 1989. The decline between 1990 and 1999 was generalised; at the same time the year-to-year variability increased by between 37 and 49%. This variation was most pronounced in the rivers, three of which showed a reduced mean monthly flow of the order of 34% over the period 1980–2003, in comparison to the decade 1969–1979. The decline in flow in spring was somewhat more buffered. The most noticeable impact in the southeastern part of Spain over the last 40 years has been the intensive exploitation of groundwater. This has brought about a general decline in groundwater levels, drying out of springs, abandonment of numerous wells and boreholes, and salinisation of soils and water. Résumé La variabilité climatique dans le sud-est espagnol a été matérialisée récemment par l'apparition d'une des périodes les plus sèches du 20e siècle, ce qui a provoqué une baisse remarquable des débits des cours d'eaux. L'étude de tendances appliquée à quatre stations pluviométriques représentatives (Grenade, Almeria, Murcie et Alicante) montre que la tendance à la baisse est généralisée. Trois des stations ont enregistré des changements brusques. L'étude des dernières décennies montre que les précipitations sont réduites de 9.2 et 11.7% à Grenade et à Almeria respectivement, entre 1980 et 1989. La diminution en 1990–1999 est généralisée; et pendant la même période, la variabilité interannuelle augmente avec des valeurs comprises entre 37 et 49%. Cette variation est détectée dans les rivières, dont trois enregistrent une réduction du débit moyen mensuel d'environ 34% pendant la période 1980–2003 par rapport à la décennie 1969–1979. Ces baisses sont un peu plus amorties au niveau des sources. L'exploitation intensive des eaux souterraines dans tout le sud-est espagnol, au cours des 40 dernières années, est l'effet environnemental le plus remarquable, qui a entraîné la baisse généralisée des niveaux, l'assèchement des sources, l'abandon de nombreux puits et captages, et la salinisation des sols et des eaux.

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