The functional-psychological continuum in the cognitive image of a destination: A confirmatory analysis

Abstract This paper analyses the cognitive component of the image of a destination from a dual perspective. Firstly, we study its composition by positing three positions on a continuum: functional, mixed and psychological, which are analysed using confirmatory factor analysis. Secondly, we study the influence of these components on tourists' overall image of the destination and on their future behaviour intentions, using structural equation analysis. The results show that the psychological and functional components exercise the greatest influence on the overall image of the destination. Overall image was found to influence future behaviour intentions consistently, while the functional component is relevant for revisit intention and the psychological component for the intention to recommend.

[1]  P. Kotler,et al.  Marketing places : attracting investment, industry, and tourism to cities, states and nations , 1993 .

[2]  Peter Johnson,et al.  Choice and Demand in Tourism , 1993 .

[3]  Gregory Ashworth,et al.  Marketing in the tourism industry : the promotion of destination regions , 1988 .

[4]  D. Larcker,et al.  STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELS WITH UNOBSERVABLE VARIABLES AND MEASUREMENT ERROR , 1981 .

[5]  S. Jang,et al.  Temporal destination revisit intention: The effects of novelty seeking and satisfaction , 2007 .

[6]  Cultural variations in perceptions of vacation attributes , 1988 .

[7]  K. Jöreskog Statistical analysis of sets of congeneric tests , 1971 .

[8]  Angela Phelps,et al.  Holiday destination image — the problem of assessment: An example developed in Menorca , 1986 .

[9]  J. Hunt Image as a Factor in Tourism Development , 1975 .

[10]  Josefa D. Martín,et al.  Factors influencing destination image , 2004 .

[11]  Y. Mansfeld From motivation to actual travel , 1992 .

[12]  William C. Gartner,et al.  Tourism Image: Attribute Measurement of State Tourism Products Using Multidimensional Scaling Techniques , 1989 .

[13]  D. Gilbert Marketing tourism products: Concepts, issues, cases: A Seaton and M Bennett (eds) International Thomson Business Press (1996) 540 pp., ISBN 0-412-57320-2 , 1997 .

[14]  Javier Sánchez,et al.  Tourism image, evaluation variables and after purchase behaviour: inter-relationship , 2001 .

[15]  Ken W. McCleary,et al.  U.S. International Pleasure Travelers’ Images of Four Mediterranean Destinations: A Comparison of Visitors and Nonvisitors , 1999 .

[16]  Martina G. Gallarza,et al.  Destination image: towards a conceptual framework. , 2002 .

[17]  M. Chaudhary,et al.  India's image as a tourist destination — a perspective of foreign tourists , 2000 .

[18]  J. Hair Multivariate data analysis , 1972 .

[19]  N. Morgan,et al.  Tourism Promotion and Power: Creating Images, Creating Identities , 1999 .

[20]  D. Brinberg,et al.  Affective Images of Tourism Destinations , 1997 .

[21]  R. Bagozzi,et al.  On the evaluation of structural equation models , 1988 .

[22]  Seyhmus Baloglu,et al.  Association meeting planners' perceptions and intentions for five major US convention cities: the structured and unstructured images , 2005 .

[23]  Seyhmus Baloglu,et al.  A model of destination image formation , 1999 .

[24]  Dimitrios Buhalis Marketing the competitive destination of the future. , 2000 .

[25]  William C. Gartner,et al.  Temporal influences on image change. , 1986 .

[26]  Yong-Ki Lee,et al.  Korea's destination image formed by the 2002 World Cup. , 2005 .

[27]  David T. Taylor,et al.  Destination Marketing By States , 1991 .

[28]  Harry Timmermans,et al.  Consumer Psychology of Tourism, Hospitality and Leisure , 2001 .

[29]  John L. Crompton,et al.  CHOICE SET PROPOSITIONS IN DESTINATION DECISIONS , 1993 .

[30]  Geoffrey Wall,et al.  Tourism: Economic, physical, and social impacts , 1982 .

[31]  S. Pike Destination Image Analysis: A Review of 142 Papers from 1973-2000 , 2002 .

[32]  J. Crompton An Assessment of the Image of Mexico as a Vacation Destination and the Influence of Geographical Location Upon That Image , 1979 .

[33]  L. Cronbach Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests , 1951 .

[34]  B. Dadgostar,et al.  Factors Affecting Time Spent by Near-Home Tourists in City Destinations , 1992 .

[35]  Josefa D. Martín,et al.  Tourists' characteristics and the perceived image of tourist destinations : a quantitative analysis-a case study of Lanzarote, Spain , 2004 .

[36]  Charlotte M. Echtner,et al.  The Measurement of Destination Image: An Empirical Assessment , 1993 .

[37]  D. Walmsley,et al.  Evaluative Images and Tourism: The Use of Personal Constructs to Describe the Structure of Destination Images , 1998 .

[38]  Ş. Baloğlu,et al.  Image variations of Turkey by familiarity index: informational and experiential dimensions. , 2001 .

[39]  Z. Ahmed The influence of the components of a state's tourist image on product positioning strategy , 1991 .

[40]  David L. Groves,et al.  The development of a destination through the image assessment of six geographic markets , 2005 .

[41]  C. Fornell,et al.  Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. , 1981 .

[42]  Joseph S. Chen A case study of Korean outbound travelers’ destination images by using correspondence analysis , 2001 .

[43]  Sevil Sonmez,et al.  Do destination images really matter? Predicting destination choices of student travellers , 2001 .

[44]  Jae-Hyun Kim,et al.  The roles of categorization, affective image and constraints on destination choice: An application of the NMNL model , 2006 .

[45]  Philip L. Pearce,et al.  Multi-Faceted Image Assessment , 2005 .

[46]  Gregory Ashworth,et al.  Marketing Tourism Places , 1990 .

[47]  Seyhmus Baloglu,et al.  A Path Analytic Model of Visitation Intention Involving Information Sources, Socio-Psychological Motivations, and Destination Image , 2000 .

[48]  Roger J. Calantone,et al.  Multiple Multinational Tourism Positioning Using Correspondence Analysis , 1989 .

[49]  Charlotte M. Echtner,et al.  The meaning and measurement of destination image. , 2003 .

[50]  Е О Шевчук MARKETING IN THE TOURISM INDUSTRY , 2010 .

[51]  Abdulla M. Alhemoud,et al.  Image of Tourism Attractions in Kuwait , 1996 .

[52]  Carmen Barroso Castro,et al.  The influence of market heterogeneity on the relationship between a destination's image and tourists’ future behaviour , 2007 .

[53]  J. Crompton,et al.  Image Differences between Prospective, First-Time, and Repeat Visitors to the Lower Rio Grande Valley , 1991 .

[54]  Michael Grosspietsch,et al.  Perceived and projected images of Rwanda: visitor and international tour operator perspectives , 2006 .

[55]  V. Zeithaml,et al.  A Dynamic Process Model of Service Quality: From Expectations to Behavioral Intentions , 1993 .

[56]  Luiz Moutinho,et al.  Tourism marketing and management handbook. , 1989 .

[57]  James C. Anderson,et al.  STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING IN PRACTICE: A REVIEW AND RECOMMENDED TWO-STEP APPROACH , 1988 .

[58]  L. Moutinho,et al.  Tourist destination image. , 1989 .

[59]  L. Moutinho Consumer Behaviour in Tourism , 1987 .

[60]  B. Leisen,et al.  Image segmentation: the case of a tourism destination , 2001 .

[61]  R. A. Lupton,et al.  Customer Portfolio Development: Modeling Destination Adopters, Inactives, and Rejecters , 1997 .

[62]  Chris Ryan,et al.  Structuring Destination Image: A Qualitative Approach , 2005 .

[63]  Z. Ahmed The Need for the Identification of the Constituents of a Destination's Tourist Image: A Promotion Segmentation Perspective , 1996 .

[64]  A. Pizam,et al.  The Role of Awareness and Familiarity with a Destination: The Central Florida Case , 1995 .

[65]  S. O’Leary,et al.  People, pace, place: Qualitative and quantitative images of Ireland as a tourism destination in France , 2003 .

[66]  R. Bagozzi Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error: A Comment , 1981 .

[67]  Kye-Sung Chon,et al.  Tourism destination image modification process: Marketing implications , 1991 .