Motions and Relaxations of Confined Liquids

When a liquid is confined in a narrow gap (as near a cell membrane, in a lubricated contact between solids, or in a porous medium), new dynamic behavior emerges. The effective shear viscosity is enhanced compared to the bulk, relaxation times are prolonged, and nonlinear responses set in at lower shear rates. These effects are more prominent, the thinner the liquid film. They appear to be the manifestation of collective motions. The flow of liquids under extreme confinement cannot be understood simply by intuitive extrapolation of bulk properties. Practical consequences are possible in areas from tribology and materials processing to membrane physics.

[1]  Patricia McGuiggan,et al.  Measurements of and Relation Between the Adhesion and Friction of Two Surfaces Separated by Molecularly Thin Liquid Films , 1989 .

[2]  M. Winterhalter,et al.  Theory of spin relaxation by translational diffusion in two‐dimensional systems , 1984 .

[3]  J. S. Courtney‐Pratt,et al.  The area of real contact and the shear strength of monomolecular layers of a boundary lubricant , 1955, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[4]  Carson,et al.  Relaxation time of confined liquids under shear. , 1991, Physical review letters.

[5]  F. Abraham,et al.  The interfacial density profile of a Lennard‐Jones fluid in contact with a (100) Lennard‐Jones wall and its relationship to idealized fluid/wall systems: A Monte Carlo simulation , 1978 .

[6]  J. Israelachvili,et al.  Structuring in liquid alkanes between solid surfaces: Force measurements and mean‐field theory , 1987 .

[7]  H. Davis,et al.  Self‐diffusion in fluids in microporous solids , 1987 .

[8]  Evans,et al.  Viscoelasticity in two dimensions. , 1985, Physical review. A, General physics.

[9]  D. Y. Yoon,et al.  Molecular arrangements and conformations of liquid n‐tridecane chains confined between two hard walls , 1990 .

[10]  James Clerk Maxwell,et al.  IV. On the dynamical theory of gases , 1868, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London.

[11]  Katherine J. Strandburg,et al.  Two-dimensional melting , 1988 .

[12]  S. Goldstein.  Modern developments in fluid dynamics , 1938 .

[13]  J. Israelachvili,et al.  Dynamic Properties of Molecularly Thin Liquid Films , 1988, Science.

[14]  Derek Y. C. Chan,et al.  The drainage of thin liquid films between solid surfaces , 1985 .

[15]  Susan A. Somers,et al.  Microscopic dynamics of flow in molecularly narrow pores , 1990 .

[16]  S. Granick,et al.  Tribology studied using atomically smooth surfaces , 1990 .

[17]  W. Philippoff.  Vibrational Measurements with Large Amplitudes , 1966 .

[18]  Matthew Tirrell,et al.  Molecular dynamics of flow in micropores , 1987 .

[19]  R. Kjellander,et al.  A study of anisotropic pair distribution theories for Lennard-Jones fluids in narrow slits , 1990 .

[20]  C. Jackson,et al.  The melting behavior of organic materials confined in porous solids , 1990 .

[21]  Patricia McGuiggan,et al.  Liquid to solidlike transitions of molecularly thin films under shear , 1990 .

[22]  J. Israelachvili,et al.  Direct measurement of structural forces between two surfaces in a nonpolar liquid , 1981 .

[23]  S. Granick,et al.  Shear rheology in a confined geometry: polysiloxane melts , 1990 .

[24]  J. Newsam,et al.  Molecular motion of benzene, n-hexane, and cyclohexane in potassium zeolite L studied by deuterium NMR , 1989 .

[25]  C. Jackson,et al.  The glass transition of organic liquids confined to small pores , 1991 .

[26]  J. Lane,et al.  Forces between adsorbing walls: Monte Carlo calculations , 1979 .

[27]  J. H. Cushman,et al.  Fluids in micropores. I. Structure of a simple classical fluid in a slit-pore , 1987 .

[28]  J. Lane,et al.  Grand Ensemble Monte Carlo Calculation of the Thermodynamic Properties of a Solid/Vapour Interface , 1976 .

[29]  J. Jonas,et al.  NMR deuteron relaxation study of low-dimensional effects in molecular liquids in restricted geometries , 1990 .

[30]  David Tabor,et al.  The direct measurement of normal and retarded van der Waals forces , 1969, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[31]  Robbins,et al.  Shear flow near solids: Epitaxial order and flow boundary conditions. , 1990, Physical review. A, Atomic, molecular, and optical physics.

[32]  I. R. Mcdonald,et al.  Theory of simple liquids , 1998 .

[33]  S. Granick,et al.  Friction measured with a surface forces apparatus , 1989 .

[34]  H. Lüdemann,et al.  Pressure Dependence of Self Diffusion in Some Neat Alkanes and Binary Mixtures , 1990 .

[35]  Warnock,et al.  Orientational behavior of molecular liquids in restricted geometries. , 1986, Physical review. B, Condensed matter.

[36]  Warnock,et al.  Geometrical supercooling of liquids in porous glass. , 1986, Physical review letters.

[37]  S. Granick,et al.  Formation and Characterization of a Highly Ordered and Well- Anchored Alkylsilane Monolayer on Mica by Self -Assembly , 1991 .

[38]  O. Reynolds.  IV. On the theory of lubrication and its application to Mr. Beauchamp tower’s experiments, including an experimental determination of the viscosity of olive oil , 1886, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London.

[39]  H. Davis,et al.  A tractable molecular theory of flow in strongly inhomogeneous fluids , 1988 .

[40]  F. Swol,et al.  Ultrathin films under shear , 1991 .

[41]  I. Snook,et al.  Solvation forces in simple dense fluids. I , 1980 .

[42]  J. H. Cushman,et al.  Epitaxy in simple classical fluids in micropores and near-solid surfaces , 1987, Nature.

[43]  Buchholz,et al.  Direct observation of molecular structure and dynamics at the interface between a solid wall and an organic solution by scanning tunneling microscopy. , 1991, Physical review letters.

[44]  Robbins,et al.  Simulations of contact-line motion: Slip and the dynamic contact angle. , 1989, Physical review letters.

[45]  Banavar,et al.  Molecular dynamics of Poiseuille flow and moving contact lines. , 1988, Physical review letters.

[46]  J. Israelachvili,et al.  Measurement of forces between two mica surfaces in aqueous electrolyte solutions in the range 0–100 nm , 1978 .

[47]  Warnock,et al.  Supercooled liquids and solids in porous glass. , 1987, Physical review. B, Condensed matter.

[48]  B. Alder,et al.  Structural relaxation in dense hard-sphere fluids , 1987 .

[49]  J. H. Cushman,et al.  Shear Forces in Molecularly Thin Films , 1989, Science.

[50]  G. Hadziioannou,et al.  Influence of monomer architecture on the shear properties of molecularly thin polymer melts , 1991 .

[51]  M. Robbins,et al.  Origin of Stick-Slip Motion in Boundary Lubrication , 1990, Science.

[52]  J. Jonas,et al.  Reduced dimensionality of liquid dynamics in confined geometries studied by nuclear magnetic deuteron relaxation , 1990 .

[53]  J. Klein,et al.  Forces between polymer-bearing surfaces undergoing shear , 1991, Nature.

[54]  H. Christenson.  NON-DLVO FORCES BETWEEN SURFACES -SOLVATION, HYDRATION AND CAPILLARY EFFECTS , 1988 .

[55]  Georges Hadziioannou,et al.  A reevaluation of forces measured across thin polymer films: Nonequilibrium and pinning effects , 1989 .

[56]  S. Granick,et al.  Self-assembly of octadecyltrichlorosilane monolayers on mica , 1990 .

[57]  J. V. Alsten,et al.  Molecular tribometry of ultrathin liquid films. , 1988, Physical review letters.

[58]  G. Scoles,et al.  Molecular order at the surface of an organic monolayer studied by low energy helium diffraction , 1989 .

[59]  Patricia McGuiggan,et al.  Fundamental experimental studies in tribology : the transition from interfacial friction of undamaged molecularly smooth surfaces to normal friction with wear , 1990 .

[60]  Jacob N. Israelachvili,et al.  Measurement of the viscosity of liquids in very thin films , 1986 .

[61]  S. Granick,et al.  Design of an apparatus to measure the shear response of ultrathin liquid films , 1991 .