Interdependencies between flame length and fireline intensity in predicting crown fire initiation and crown scorch height

This state-of-knowledge review examines some of the underlying assumptions and limitations associated withtheinter-relationships amongfourwidelyuseddescriptorsofsurfacefirebehaviourandpost-fireimpacts inwildland fire science and management, namely Byram's fireline intensity, flame length, stem-bark char height and crown scorch height. More specifically, the following topical areas are critically examined based on a comprehensive review of the pertinent literature:(i)estimatingfirelineintensityfrom flamelength;(ii)substitutingflamelengthforfirelineintensityin Van Wagner's crown fire initiation model; (iii) the validity of linkages between the Rothermel surface fire behaviour and Van Wagner's crown scorch height models; (iv) estimating flame height from post-fire observations of stem-bark char height; and (v) estimating fireline intensity from post-fire observations of crown scorch height. There has been an overwhelming tendency within the wildland fire community to regard Byram's flame length-fireline intensity and Van Wagner's crown scorch height-fireline intensity models as universal in nature. However, research has subsequently shown that such linkages among fire behaviour and post-fire impact characteristics are in fact strongly influenced by fuelbed structure, thereby necessitating consideration of fuel complex specific-type models of such relationships. Additional keywords: fire behaviour, fire impacts, fire modelling, first-order fire effects, flame angle, flame depth, flame-front residence time, ignition pattern, stem-bark char height, surface fire.

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