Some Psychological Aspects of Computer‐Assisted Learning and Teaching

Abstract Three aspects of computer‐assisted learning (CAL) are considered, namely the design of instructional programs, the software tools needed for their realization, and the assimilation of CAL within the classroom. Under this framework, developments in CAL are discussed by noting the expansion from task‐based programs, influenced by Skinnerian principles of learning, to knowledge‐based systems deriving from a cognitive view of psychology. This latter approach emphasizes learner initiatives for developing and organizing their own knowledge structures. Finally, the techniques of knowledge representation arising from artificial intelligence are outlined, and their value for student modelling and for designing more intelligent CAL programs, are discussed. The recommendation is for a greater involvement of psychologists in this work.

[1]  John T. Guthrie,et al.  Feedback and sentence learning , 1971 .

[2]  Kenneth Tait.  The building of a computer-based teaching system , 1984 .

[3]  Richard C. Anderson,et al.  Meaningful processing of sentences. , 1971 .

[4]  Carl H. Frederiksen,et al.  Acquisition of semantic information from discourse: Effects of repeated exposures , 1975 .

[5]  M. David Merrill.  Learner control in computer based learning , 1980 .

[6]  Walter Schneider,et al.  Controlled and automatic human information processing: II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending and a general theory. , 1977 .

[7]  Richard C. Atkinson,et al.  Search and retrieval processes in long-term memory , 1968 .

[8]  Allen Newell,et al.  Human Problem Solving. , 1973 .

[9]  Avron Barr,et al.  The Handbook of Artificial Intelligence , 1982 .

[10]  R. W. Kulhavy,et al.  Feedback and Response Confidence. , 1976 .

[11]  Delos D. Wickens,et al.  Encoding Categories of Words: An Empirical Approach to Meaning. , 1970 .

[12]  M. David Merrill,et al.  Instructional Strategies: A Preliminary Taxonomy. , 1974 .

[13]  William J. Clancey,et al.  Dialogue management for rulebased tutorials , 1979, IJCAI 1979.

[14]  Gordon Pask,et al.  Learning Strategies and Individual Competence. , 1972 .

[15]  John Seely Brown,et al.  An Investigation of Computer Coaching for Informal Learning Activities. , 1978 .

[16]  Dorothea P. Simon,et al.  Expert and Novice Performance in Solving Physics Problems , 1980, Science.

[17]  Alfred M. Bork.  A Computer-Based Dialogue for Deriving Energy Conservation for Motion in One-Dimension. A Computer Simulation for the Study of Waves. , 1971 .

[18]  B. Meyer.  Use of Top-Level Structure in Text: Key for Reading Comprehension of Ninth-Grade Students. , 1980 .

[19]  Walter Schneider,et al.  Controlled and Automatic Human Information Processing: 1. Detection, Search, and Attention. , 1977 .

[20]  J. R. Hartley,et al.  An evaluation of micro-CAL in schools , 1982 .

[21]  Donald R. Gentner,et al.  The Structure and Recall of Narrative Prose , 1976 .

[22]  B. Skinner.  Technology for Teaching , 2012 .

[23]  Michael W. Eysenck,et al.  Levels of processing: A critique , 1978 .

[24]  J. Novak,et al.  Educational Psychology: A Cognitive View , 1969 .

[25]  John D. Bransford,et al.  Levels of processing versus transfer appropriate processing , 1977 .

[26]  John Seely Brown,et al.  Diagnostic Models for Procedural Bugs in Basic Mathematical Skills , 1978, Cogn. Sci..

[27]  Tim O'Shea,et al.  Learning mathematics through LOGO , 1978, SCOU.

[28]  Richard C. Anderson,et al.  Feedback Procedures in Programmed Instruction. , 1971 .

[29]  Seymour Papert,et al.  Twenty Things To Do With A Computer , 1971 .

[30]  Harold Abelson,et al.  Turtle geometry : the computer as a medium for exploring mathematics , 1983 .

[31]  F. Craik,et al.  Levels of Pro-cessing: A Framework for Memory Research , 1975 .

[32]  P. Suppes,et al.  Computer Assisted Instruction at Stanford , 1971 .

[33]  Richard C. Anderson,et al.  On asking people questions about what they are reading , 1975 .

[34]  J. Greeno,et al.  Structural differences between outcomes produced by different instructional methods. , 1972 .

[35]  Edward H. Shortliffe,et al.  Computer-based medical consultations, MYCIN , 1976 .

[36]  Richard C. Anderson,et al.  FEEDBACK PROCEDURES IN COMPUTER-ASSISTED ARITHMETIC INSTRUCTION , 1973 .

[37]  Gordon Pask,et al.  Caste: A system for exhibiting learning strategies and regulating uncertainties , 1973 .

[38]  B. Skinner.  The science of learning and the art of teaching. , 1954 .