LFC by coordinated virtual inertia mimicking and PEVs in power utility with MW-class distributed PV generation

This paper presents a load frequency control (LFC) by using distributed energy storage systems (ESSs) and plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) in a large power system with MW-level distributed PV generation. The ESSs are controlled to mimic virtual inertia. Controls are done in two levels: central and local. An optimal virtual inertia is calculated considering the total PV power variation in a control area. Based on this, central ESS power command is decided and by coordination, this central ESS power command is distributed to the local ESSs to emulate the optimal virtual inertia. PEVs are used for the LFC considering user convenience, availability and state of charge (SOC) of the batteries. Effectiveness of the proposed method to provide LFC is verified by numerical simulation results.

[1]  Goran Andersson,et al.  Power system considerations of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles based on a multi energy carrier model , 2009, 2009 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting.

[2]  Luiz A. C. Lopes,et al.  An optimal virtual inertia controller to support frequency regulation in autonomous diesel power systems with high penetration of renewables , 2011 .

[3]  Akihiko Yokoyama,et al.  Load Frequency Control in power system using Vehicle-to-Grid system considering the customer convenience of Electric Vehicles , 2010, 2010 International Conference on Power System Technology.

[4]  S. Kahne,et al.  Optimal control: An introduction to the theory and ITs applications , 1967, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[5]  Johan Driesen,et al.  Layout and performance of the power electronic converter platform for the VSYNC project , 2009, 2009 IEEE Bucharest PowerTech.

[6]  Kai Nagel,et al.  Large-Scale Multi-Agent Simulations for Transportation Applications , 2004, J. Intell. Transp. Syst..

[7]  D. Kirschen,et al.  A Survey of Frequency and Voltage Control Ancillary Services—Part I: Technical Features , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[8]  Achim Woyte,et al.  Virtual synchronous generator: Laboratory scale results and field demonstration , 2009, 2009 IEEE Bucharest PowerTech.

[9]  Rashid A. Waraich,et al.  Predictive, distributed, hierarchical charging control of PHEVs in the distribution system of a large urban area incorporating a multi agent transportation simulation , 2011 .

[10]  Walerian Kipiniak,et al.  Optimal Estimation, Identification, and Control , 1964 .

[11]  Nicolae Golovanov,et al.  Storage selection for DG applications containing virtual synchronous generators , 2009, 2009 IEEE Bucharest PowerTech.

[12]  G. Andersson,et al.  Demand Management of Grid Connected Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) , 2008, 2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference.

[13]  T. Ise,et al.  Stabilization of a power system with a distributed generator by a Virtual Synchronous Generator function , 2011, 8th International Conference on Power Electronics - ECCE Asia.

[14]  Huibert Kwakernaak,et al.  Linear Optimal Control Systems , 1972 .

[15]  D.P. Chassin,et al.  Estimation of WECC system inertia using observed frequency transients , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[16]  Goran Andersson,et al.  On integration of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles into existing power system structures , 2010 .

[17]  Kay W. Axhausen,et al.  Agent-Based Demand-Modeling Framework for Large-Scale Microsimulations , 2006 .

[18]  Hassan Bevrani,et al.  An ANN-Based Power System Emergency Control Scheme in the Presence of High Wind Power Penetration , 2010 .

[19]  Praveen Kumar,et al.  Implementation of Vehicle to Grid Infrastructure Using Fuzzy Logic Controller , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[20]  Chul-Hwan Kim,et al.  A Frequency-Control Approach by Photovoltaic Generator in a PV–Diesel Hybrid Power System , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[21]  R. Hara,et al.  Testing the technologies , 2009, IEEE Power and Energy Magazine.

[22]  Michael E. Ropp.  Similarities between vehicle-to-grid interfaces and photovoltaic systems , 2009, 2009 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference.

[23]  P. Kundur,et al.  Power system stability and control , 1994 .

[24]  Stephan Koch,et al.  Provision of Load Frequency Control by PHEVs, Controllable Loads, and a Cogeneration Unit , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[25]  T. Inoue,et al.  Estimation of power system inertia constant and capacity of spinning-reserve support generators using measured frequency transients , 1997 .