Bio-based chemicals from biorefining : Protein conversion and utilisation

Abstract: The depletion of fossil feedstocks, fluctuating oil prices and the ecological problems associated with CO 2 emissions are forcing the development of alternative resources for energy, transportation fuels and chemicals: the replacement of fossil resources with biomass. The conversion of crude oil products utilises hydrocarbons and conversion to (functional) chemicals with the aid of co-reagents, such as ammonia, and various process steps. Conversely, proteins and amino acids, found in biomass, contain functionality. It is therefore attractive to exploit this to reduce the use, and preparation of, co-reagents as well as eliminating various process steps. This chapter describes how biorefineries can add value to protein containing rest streams by using amino acids as economically and ecologically interesting feedstocks and that, by taking advantage of the chemical structure in biomass rest streams, a more efficient application can be developed other than solely utilising it for the production of fuels or electricity.

[1]  I. Blank,et al.  A Review of Acrylamide: An Industry Perspective on Research, Analysis, Formation, and Control , 2004, Critical reviews in food science and nutrition.

[2]  R. Wijffels,et al.  An Outlook on Microalgal Biofuels , 2010, Science.

[3]  C. Pittman,et al.  Reductions of Carboxylic Acids and Esters with NaBH4 in Diglyme at 162°C , 2003 .

[4]  Jean-Paul Lange,et al.  Fuels and Chemicals Manufacturing; Guidelines for Understanding and Minimizing the Production Costs , 2001 .

[5]  P. Ramos,et al.  Sub-critical water hydrolysis of hog hair for amino acid production. , 2010, Bioresource technology.

[6]  T. E. Abraham,et al.  Preparation and characterization of cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEA) of subtilisin for controlled release applications. , 2008, International journal of biological macromolecules.

[7]  E. Gnansounou,et al.  Protein extraction from biomass in a bioethanol refinery--possible dietary applications: Use as animal feed and potential extension to human consumption. , 2011, Bioresource technology.

[8]  C. Glatz,et al.  Extraction of protein from distiller's grain. , 2009, Bioresource technology.

[9]  J. Sanders,et al.  Biobased synthesis of acrylonitrile from glutamic acid , 2011 .

[10]  J. Sanders,et al.  Stabilized and Immobilized Bacillus subtilis Arginase for the Biobased Production of Nitrogen-Containing Chemicals , 2010 .

[11]  J. Sanders,et al.  A study on the applicability of L-aspartate α-decarboxylase in the biobased production of nitrogen containing chemicals , 2009 .

[12]  Artiwan Shotipruk,et al.  Extraction of protein and amino acids from deoiled rice bran by subcritical water hydrolysis. , 2008, Bioresource technology.

[13]  J. Sanders,et al.  Simultaneous production of biobased styrene and acrylates using ethenolysis , 2012 .

[14]  Alexander Steinbüchel,et al.  Assessment of technological options and economical feasibility for cyanophycin biopolymer and high-value amino acid production , 2007, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[15]  J. Bont,et al.  The solvent-tolerant Pseudomonas putida S12 as host for the production of cinnamic acid from glucose , 2005, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[16]  J. Sanders,et al.  A Novel Photocatalytic Conversion of Tryptophan to Kynurenine Using Black Light as a Light Source , 2012, Catalysis Letters.

[17]  J. Sanders,et al.  The application of glutamic acid α-decarboxylase for the valorization of glutamic acid , 2009 .

[18]  J. Sanders,et al.  The use of L-lysine decarboxylase as a means to separate amino acids by electrodialysis , 2011 .

[19]  J. Sanders,et al.  Perspectives on Chemicals from Renewable Resources , 2010 .

[20]  W. Wolf,et al.  Isolation and Characterization of Zein from Corn Distillers' Grains and Related Fractions , 1997 .

[21]  J. Sanders,et al.  Protamylasse, a Residual Compound of Industrial Starch Production, Provides a Suitable Medium for Large-Scale Cyanophycin Production , 2005, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[22]  J. Sanders,et al.  Acid and Base Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Cyanophycin for the Biobased Production of Nitrogen Containing Chemicals , 2011 .

[23]  Kilyoon Kang,et al.  Behavior of hydrothermal decomposition of silk fibroin to amino acids in near-critical water , 2004 .

[24]  J. Sanders,et al.  Separation of L‐aspartic acid and L‐glutamic acid mixtures for use in the production of bio‐based chemicals , 2012 .

[25]  J. Sanders,et al.  Synthesis of biobased N-methylpyrrolidone by one-pot cyclization and methylation of γ-aminobutyric acid , 2010 .

[26]  M. A. Stahmann,et al.  Leaf Proteins as Foodstuffs, Amino Acid Composition of Leaf Protein Concentrates , 1965 .

[27]  B. Dale,et al.  Grass leaf protein, a coproduct of cellulosic ethanol production, as a source of protein for livesto , 2011 .

[28]  Bruce E. Dale,et al.  Protein feeds coproduction in biomass conversion to fuels and chemicals , 2009 .

[29]  N. Mameri,et al.  Extraction of amino acids from protein hydrolysates by electrodialysis , 1998 .

[30]  J. Sanders,et al.  Techno‐economic assessment of the production of bio‐based chemicals from glutamic acid , 2012 .

[31]  Y. Hara.  The Separation of Amino Acids with an Ion-exchange Membrane , 1963 .

[32]  Tijs M. Lammens,et al.  Availability of protein-derived amino acids as feedstock for the production of bio-based chemicals , 2012 .

[33]  W. Leuchtenberger,et al.  Biotechnological production of amino acids and derivatives: current status and prospects , 2005, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[34]  M. A. Stahmann,et al.  Leaf Proteins as Foodstuffs, Nutritive Value of Leaf Protein Concentrate, an In Vitro Degestion Study , 1965 .

[35]  J. Sanders,et al.  Stabilization and immobilization of Trypanosoma brucei ornithine decarboxylase for the biobased production of 1,4-diaminobutane , 2011 .

[36]  Guangyong Zhu,et al.  Hydrolysis technology and kinetics of poultry waste to produce amino acids in subcritical water. , 2010 .

[37]  R. Hill,et al.  The complete enzymic hydrolysis of proteins. , 1962, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[38]  Venkatesh Balan,et al.  Integrating alkaline extraction of proteins with enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose from wet distiller's grains and solubles. , 2009, Bioresource technology.

[39]  P. Yu,et al.  Nutrient variation and availability of wheat DDGS, corn DDGS and blend DDGS from bioethanol plants , 2009 .

[40]  Claus Borgnakke,et al.  Thermodynamic and Transport Properties , 1997 .

[41]  J. Sanders,et al.  Biomass in the manufacture of industrial products—the use of proteins and amino acids , 2007, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[42]  K. Kigoshi,et al.  The Self-diffusion Coefficients of Carbon Dioxide, Hydrogen Carbonate Ions and Carbonate Ions in Aqueous Solutions , 1963 .