Measuring Responses to Commercials: A Projective-elicitation Approach

Abstract Photoelicitation and projective assessment are research methods derived from visual sociology and psychoanalysis respectively. This study combined the methods by having respondents view a commercial, and then showing them one of two versions of a projective drawing showing a lone or a male-accompanied woman sitting on a couch. Respondents were told that the woman in the drawing had just seen the commercial and were asked about what the woman was thinking. The results show that a paper-and-pencil attitude measure correlated moderately with the visually-primed responses, but the visually-primed responses included psychoanalytically-predicted reactions such as denial and displacement and were dependent upon the social situation depicted in the drawing.

[1]  M. Reznikoff,et al.  Effects of aggressive and nonaggressive rock songs on projective and structured tests. , 1989, The Journal of psychology.

[2]  J. Dovidio,et al.  On the nature of prejudice: Automatic and controlled processes , 1997 .

[3]  M. Mcgrath,et al.  Gender differences in gift exchanges: New directions from projections , 1995 .

[4]  A. Brief,et al.  The Miner Sentence Completion Scale: An Appraisal , 1977 .

[5]  D. Schacter Understanding implicit memory. A cognitive neuroscience approach. , 1992, The American psychologist.

[6]  P. W. Kariuki,et al.  Women Growing Stronger with Age: The Effect of Status in the United States and Kenya , 1990 .

[7]  S. J. Catanzaro,et al.  Measuring generalized expectancies for negative mood regulation: initial scale development and implications. , 1990, Journal of personality assessment.

[8]  R. Fazio,et al.  Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes: a bona fide pipeline? , 1995, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[9]  The use of a sentence completion test in measuring attitudes toward superiors and subordinates. , 1956 .

[10]  I. Gooskens,et al.  Reading images: A study of a Dutch neighborhood 1 , 1992 .

[11]  Jerry C. Olson,et al.  Are Product Attribute Beliefs the Only Mediator of Advertising Effects on Brand Attitude? , 1981 .

[12]  Howard B. Lee,et al.  Foundations of Behavioral Research , 1973 .

[13]  Charles F. Frazer,et al.  Studying the Child/Television Advertising Relationship: A Symbolic Interactionist Approach , 1979 .

[14]  D L Schacter,et al.  Preserved learning in amnesic patients: perspectives from research on direct priming. , 1986, Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology.

[15]  George J. Siomkos,et al.  Toward a Methodology For Assessing Effects of In-Store Atmospherics , 1986 .

[16]  Scott M. Smith,et al.  Fundamentals of Marketing Research , 2004 .

[17]  D. Mcclelland,et al.  The Achievement Motive , 1954 .

[18]  C. R. Anderson,et al.  Internal and external validity issues with motivation to manage research: A reply to Miner, Smith, and Ebrahimi , 1985 .

[19]  Marcus Banks,et al.  Visual methods in social research , 2001 .

[20]  Timothy D. Wilson,et al.  A model of dual attitudes. , 2000, Psychological review.

[21]  Jon Prosser,et al.  Image-based research : a sourcebook for qualitative researchers , 2005 .

[22]  George M. Zinkhan,et al.  Motivations Underlying the Creation of Personal Web Pages : an Exploratory Study , 1999 .

[23]  Amitava Chattopadhyay,et al.  Humor in Advertising: The Moderating Role of Prior Brand Evaluation , 1990 .

[24]  E. Rogers,et al.  Projective Techniques in Interviewing Farmers , 1958 .

[25]  Debora J. Gilliard,et al.  Construct validity of the Miner Sentence Completion Scale , 1993 .

[26]  M. Banaji,et al.  Implicit social cognition: attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. , 1995, Psychological review.

[27]  Exploring Careers in Advertising: Deckinger, E.L. and Jules B. Singer. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, 1985. 169 Pp. $8.97 , 1987 .

[28]  E. Chung,et al.  “Teach ten thousand stars how not to dance”: a survey of alternative ontologies in marketing research , 2001 .

[29]  R. Rhoades,et al.  Defining Indicators Which Make Sense to Local People: Intra-Cultural Variation in Perceptions of Natural Resources , 1998 .

[30]  A. Greenwald,et al.  Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: the implicit association test. , 1998, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[31]  Matt Jarvis Theoretical Approaches in Psychology , 2000 .

[32]  Leonard N. Reid The Impact of Family Group Interaction on Children's Understanding of Television Advertising: An Aspect of Consumer Socialization , 1979 .

[33]  M. O. Wilson,et al.  Picture Test Identification as a Function of “Reality” (Color) and Similarity of Picture to Subject , 1956 .

[34]  Darrel D. Muehling Comparative Advertising: The Influence of Attitude-toward-the-Ad on Brand Evaluation , 1987 .

[35]  Terence A. Shimp Attitude toward the AD as a Mediator of Consumer Brand Choice , 1981 .

[36]  D. Schacter,et al.  Implicit and explicit memory for new associations in normal and amnesic subjects. , 1985, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[37]  W. D. Spangler Validity of questionnaire and TAT measures of need for achievement: Two meta-analyses. , 1992 .

[38]  Jeffrey P. Toth,et al.  Unconscious influences revealed. Attention, awareness, and control. , 1992, The American psychologist.

[39]  Patrick Ibbotson,et al.  Using Projective Techniques in Education Research , 2000 .

[40]  T. Schill,et al.  Differences in Reaction to Frustration as a Function of Need for Approval , 1967, Psychological reports.

[41]  W. Yoell The Fallacy of Projective Techniques , 1974 .

[42]  W. Tullar Russian Entrepreneurial Motive Patterns: A Validation of the Miner Sentence Completion Scale in Russia , 2001 .

[43]  Consumer Desire in Three Cultures: Results From Projective Research , 1997 .

[44]  Howard B. Lee,et al.  Foundations of Behavioral Research , 1965 .

[45]  V. B. Cline,et al.  A FACTOR-ANALYTIC STUDY OF RELIGIOUS BELIEF AND BEHAVIOR. , 1965, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[46]  David C. McClelland,et al.  How Do Self-Attributed and Implicit Motives Differ?. , 1989 .

[47]  Scott B. MacKenzie,et al.  An Empirical Examination of the Structural Antecedents of Attitude toward the Ad in an Advertising Pretesting Context , 1989 .

[48]  S. Lilienfeld,et al.  The Scientific Status of Projective Techniques , 2000, Psychological science in the public interest : a journal of the American Psychological Society.

[49]  F. Irvin Sentence-Completion Responses and Scholastic Success or Failure , 1967 .

[50]  C. Judd,et al.  Spontaneous prejudice in context: variability in automatically activated attitudes. , 2001, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[51]  Amitava Chattopadhyay,et al.  Humor in Advertising: The Moderating Role of Prior Brand Evaluation: , 1990 .

[52]  Harriet S. Mosatche,et al.  A Projective Assessment of the Effects of Freudian Sexual Symbolism in Liquor Advertisements , 1985 .

[53]  Susan Weinger Children Living in Poverty: Their Perception of Career Opportunities , 1998 .

[54]  Stanley Rothman,et al.  The Media Elite , 1986 .

[55]  William B. Locander,et al.  Product Novelty: Does it Moderate the Relationship between Ad Attitudes and Brand Attitudes? , 1987 .

[56]  William A. Cunningham,et al.  Implicit Attitude Measures: Consistency, Stability, and Convergent Validity , 2001, Psychological science.

[57]  Riall W. Nolan,et al.  Measuring Peasant Attitudes to Modernization: A Projective Method [and Comments and Reply] , 1976, Current Anthropology.

[58]  The status of instruction in qualitative communication research methods , 1998 .