Advanced imaging: Magnetic resonance imaging in implant dentistry.

For accurate and safe placement of dental implants, and planning of associated surgery, a full assessment of the surgical anatomy of the site is necessary. Thus, it is highly desirable to have tomographic, sectional information available, to permit the implant to be aligned correctly. In recent years, X-ray computed tomography (CT) has become accepted as the gold standard in assessment, but the exposure to ionising radiation can be substantial. Artefacts due to dental restorations can also be significant, and some doubts may exist over the accuracy of reformatted CT. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) entails no exposure to ionising radiation, and allows direct acquisition of tomographic information in any desired plane. Sequential studies may be safely performed, allowing us a valuable insight into bone graft behaviour. Other than in a small number of cases, MRI may be safely used for presurgical assessments. Artefacts are few and in most cases localised. The surgical confidence from the sectional information gained is a significant step forward in the safe placement of dental implants.

[1]  F. Smith,et al.  Assessment of the sinus lift operation by magnetic resonance imaging. , 1999, The British journal of oral & maxillofacial surgery.

[2]  G. Bayreuther,et al.  MR-imaging of the TMJ: artefacts caused by dental alloys. , 1996, The European journal of prosthodontics and restorative dentistry.

[3]  Ellies Lg,et al.  The prevalence of altered sensation associated with implant surgery. , 1993 .

[4]  T W Redpath,et al.  The use of SPAMM to assess spatial distortion due to static field inhomogeneity in dental MRI. , 2001, Physics in medicine and biology.

[5]  MR-guided core biopsies of soft tissue tumours on an open 0.23 T imager. , 2001, Acta radiologica.

[6]  A. Bellavoir,et al.  [Dentascan in dental implantation]. , 1992, Revue de stomatologie et de chirurgie maxillo-faciale.

[7]  E Tammisalo,et al.  Comprehensive oral X-ray diagnosis: Scanora multimodal radiography. A preliminary description. , 1992, Dento maxillo facial radiology.

[8]  B S Worthington,et al.  Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Tomography of the Brain: A Preliminary Clinical Assessment with Demonstration of Pathology , 1980, Journal of computer assisted tomography.

[9]  E Kanal,et al.  An Overview of Electromagnetic Safety Considerations Associated with Magnetic Resonance Imaging , 1992, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[10]  M. Baumann,et al.  Spatial reproduction of the root canal system by magnetic resonance microscopy. , 1997, Journal of endodontics.

[11]  F. Smith,et al.  Pre-surgical dental implant assessment by magnetic resonance imaging. , 1996, The Journal of oral implantology.

[12]  K. Sulik,et al.  Effects of magnetic resonance imaging on eye development in the C57BL/6J mouse. , 1991, Teratology.

[13]  Wilson Dj.  Ridge mapping for determination of alveolar ridge width. , 1989 .

[14]  L. Andersson,et al.  Preimplant radiographic assessment of available maxillary bone support. Comparison of tomographic and panoramic technique. , 1993, Swedish dental journal.

[15]  A. Gahleitner,et al.  Die Magnetresonanztomographie in der Dentalradiologie (Dental-MRT) , 1999, Der Radiologe.

[16]  A. Tjellström,et al.  Magnetic resonance imaging in patients with dental implants: a clinical report. , 1997, The International journal of oral & maxillofacial implants.

[17]  T. Redpath,et al.  Assessment of maxillary sinus volume for the sinus lift operation by three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging. , 2000, Dento maxillo facial radiology.

[18]  S. Ekholm,et al.  Artefacts Caused by Dental Filling Materials in MR Imaging , 1995, Acta radiologica.

[19]  D Buser,et al.  Long-term evaluation of non-submerged ITI implants. Part 1: 8-year life table analysis of a prospective multi-center study with 2359 implants. , 1997, Clinical oral implants research.

[20]  H Imhof,et al.  Osteometry of the mandible performed using dental MR imaging. , 1999, AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology.

[21]  T. Redpath,et al.  Magnetic resonance imaging assessment of a sinus lift operation using reoxidised cellulose (Surgicel) as graft material. , 2001, Clinical oral implants research.

[22]  J Lindström,et al.  Intra-osseous anchorage of dental prostheses. I. Experimental studies. , 1969, Scandinavian journal of plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[23]  F. Smith,et al.  Magnetic resonance imaging: a useful tool for evaluation of bone prior to implant surgery , 1998, British Dental Journal.

[24]  M F Mafee,et al.  Effect of interference of metallic objects on interpretation of T1-weighted magnetic resonance images in the maxillofacial region. , 2000, Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology, oral radiology, and endodontics.

[25]  E. Purcell,et al.  Resonance Absorption by Nuclear Magnetic Moments in a Solid , 1946 .

[26]  James Ra,et al.  Computer tomography (CT) applications in implant dentistry. , 1991 .

[27]  L. Axel,et al.  MR imaging of motion with spatial modulation of magnetization. , 1989, Radiology.

[28]  H. Yamamoto,et al.  Dental bur fragments causing metal artifacts on MR images. , 1998, AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology.

[29]  J. Hirsch,et al.  A clinical study of changes in the volume of bone grafts in the atrophic maxilla. , 2001, Dento maxillo facial radiology.

[30]  James Ra,et al.  Grafting of the maxillary sinus floor with autogenous marrow and bone. , 1980 .

[31]  Gary Poole,et al.  Claustrophobia and the Magnetic Resonance Imaging Procedure , 1998, Journal of Behavioral Medicine.

[32]  S. Elíasson,et al.  Radiographic evaluation of mandibular posterior implant sites: correlation between panoramic and tomographic determinations. , 1996, Clinical oral implants research.

[33]  R Jacobs,et al.  The accuracy of spiral tomography to assess bone quantity for the preoperative planning of implants in the posterior maxilla. , 2000, Clinical oral implants research.

[34]  U. Lekholm,et al.  Patient selection and preparation , 1985 .

[35]  O. Eckerdal,et al.  Presurgical planning for osseointegrated implants in the maxilla. A tomographic evaluation of available alveolar bone and morphological relations in the maxilla. , 1986, International journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery.

[36]  P. Branemark,et al.  Intra-Osseous Anchorage of Dental Prostheses , 1970, Scandinavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery.

[37]  T W Redpath,et al.  MRI developments in perspective. , 1997, The British journal of radiology.

[38]  R. Damadian.  Tumor Detection by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance , 1971, Science.

[39]  G. Watzek,et al.  Incidence and suggested surgical management of septa in sinus-lift procedures. , 1995, The International journal of oral & maxillofacial implants.

[40]  R. Lufkin,et al.  Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Facial Nerve , 1989, Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery.

[41]  T W Redpath,et al.  Low-field magnetic resonance imaging for implant dentistry. , 1998, Dento maxillo facial radiology.

[42]  D. G. Grant.  Tomosynthesis: a three-dimensional radiographic imaging technique. , 1972, IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering.

[43]  B. G. Ziedses des Plantes,et al.  Eine Neue Methode Zur Differenzierung in der Rontgenographie (Planigraphies) , 1932 .

[44]  G. Bydder,et al.  INTRAVENOUS CHELATED GADOLINIUM AS A CONTRAST AGENT IN NMR IMAGING OF CEREBRAL TUMOURS , 1984, The Lancet.

[45]  Glyn Johnson,et al.  A whole-body NMR imaging machine , 1980 .

[46]  Y. Ariji,et al.  Computed tomographic indices for maxillary sinus size in comparison with the sinus volume. , 1996, Dento maxillo facial radiology.

[47]  T. Dagi,et al.  Magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar spine. A comparison with computed tomography and myelography. , 1986, Acta radiologica. Supplementum.

[48]  Smiler Dg.  Onlay bone grafting to the anterior maxilla: preparation for placement of implants. , 1994 .

[49]  P. Lauterbur,et al.  Image Formation by Induced Local Interactions: Examples Employing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance , 1973, Nature.

[50]  A. Soiland.  The Paris Congress , 1931 .

[51]  D. B. Tuinzing,et al.  Anatomical aspects of sinus floor elevations. , 2000, Clinical oral implants research.

[52]  R. Katzberg.  Temporomandibular joint imaging. , 1989, Anesthesia progress.

[53]  F Allen,et al.  An assessment of the accuracy of ridge-mapping in planning implant therapy for the anterior maxilla. , 2000, Clinical oral implants research.

[54]  M. Pogrel,et al.  Maxillary sinus complications related to endosseous implants. , 1995, The International journal of oral & maxillofacial implants.

[55]  G. Krekeler,et al.  Hemorrhage of the floor of the mouth resulting from lingual perforation during implant placement: a clinical report. , 1993, The International journal of oral & maxillofacial implants.

[56]  D Kohavi,et al.  Effect of axial plane deviation on cross-sectional height in reformatted computed tomography of the mandible. , 1997, Dento maxillo facial radiology.

[57]  F. Smith.  Musculo-skeletal magnetic resonance imaging using inversion recovery pulse sequences at 0.08 T. , 1988, Clinical radiology.

[58]  W. Gedroyc,et al.  MRI of the claustrophobic patient: interventionally configured magnets. , 2000, The British journal of radiology.

[59]  Gary H. Glover,et al.  MR susceptibility misregistration correction , 1993, IEEE Trans. Medical Imaging.

[60]  Smiler Dg.  The sinus lift graft: basic technique and variations. , 1997 .

[61]  P. Lockhart,et al.  Magnetic resonance imaging of human teeth. , 1992, Journal of endodontics.

[62]  M S Schwarz,et al.  Computed tomography in dental implantation surgery. , 1989, Dental clinics of North America.

[63]  J. Zabalegui,et al.  Magnetic resonance imaging as an adjunctive diagnostic aid in patient selection for endosseous implants: preliminary study. , 1990, The International journal of oral & maxillofacial implants.

[64]  R. Kikinis,et al.  Integration of interventional MRI with computer‐assisted surgery , 2001, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[65]  E. Engdahl.  Bone regeneration in maxillary defects. An experimental investigation on the significance of the periosteum and various media (blood, surgicel, bone marrow and bone grafts) on bone formation and maxillary growth. , 1972, Scandinavian journal of plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[66]  H G Gröndahl,et al.  The use of tomography for dental implant planning. , 1997, Dento maxillo facial radiology.

[67]  P. Schneeberger,et al.  Hypothetical mortality risk associated with spiral tomography of the maxilla and mandible prior to endosseous implant treatment. , 1997, European journal of oral sciences.

[68]  I. Nasseh,et al.  Lingual paresthesia following surgical placement of implants: report of a case. , 1993, The International journal of oral & maxillofacial implants.

[69]  J B Ludlow,et al.  Tuned-aperture computed tomography (TACT). Theory and application for three-dimensional dento-alveolar imaging. , 1997, Dento maxillo facial radiology.

[70]  T. Taylor.  Fixed implant rehabilitation for the edentulous maxilla. , 1992, The International journal of oral & maxillofacial implants.

[71]  P. Hanes,et al.  Histologic observations of bone remodeling adjacent to endosteal dental implants. , 1995, The Journal of oral implantology.

[72]  G M Bydder,et al.  Magnetic resonance properties of hydrogen: imaging the posterior fossa. , 1981, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[73]  O. Jensen,et al.  Report of the Sinus Consensus Conference of 1996. , 1998, The International journal of oral & maxillofacial implants.

[74]  P F van der Stelt,et al.  Hypothetical mortality risk associated with spiral computed tomography of the maxilla and mandible. , 1996, European journal of oral sciences.

[75]  H. Gröndahl,et al.  Reliability of hypocycloidal tomography for the evaluation of the distance from the alveolar crest to the mandibular canal. , 1991, Dento maxillo facial radiology.

[76]  W. Edelstein,et al.  Spin warp NMR imaging and applications to human whole-body imaging. , 1980, Physics in medicine and biology.

[77]  D. Tyndall,et al.  Cross-sectional presurgical implant imaging using tuned aperture computed tomography (TACT). , 1999, Dento maxillo facial radiology.

[78]  C. Gamble,et al.  Bone classification: an objective scale of bone density using the computerized tomography scan. , 2001, Clinical oral implants research.

[79]  P. Svendsen,et al.  Blackout and other artefacts in computed tomography caused by fillings in teeth , 1980, Neuroradiology.