Conflict monitoring mechanism at the single-neuron level in the human ventral anterior cingulate cortex

&NA; Life requires monitoring and adjusting behavior in the face of conflicts. The conflict monitoring theory implicates the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in these processes; its ventral aspect (vACC) specializes in emotional conflict. To elucidate the underpinning neural mechanism, we recorded vACC extracellular activity from 12 patients with mood disorders or epilepsy who performed the face‐emotional Stroop task. Behaviorally, both conflict detection and adaptation to conflict were evident. The firing rate of neurons in the vACC represented current conflict, i.e., current‐congruency. The late onset of the effect is compatible with a role in monitoring. Additionally, early responses of some neurons represented the immediate history of conflicts, i.e., previous‐trial‐congruency. Finally, in some neurons the response to the current‐trial was modulated by previous‐trial‐congruency, laying the ground for adjusting‐to‐conflicts. Our results uncover a single neuron level mechanism in the vACC that encodes and integrates past and present emotional conflicts, allowing humans to accommodate their responses accordingly. HighlightsRecording neural activity in human ventral anterior cingulate cortex (vACC).Neurons in the ACC correspond and monitor current emotional conflict.Some neurons represent the immediate history of the emotional conflict.In some neurons the response to current conflict is affected by the immediate past.The vACC allows humans to dynamically adjust their response in emotional situations.