Glucose oxidase directly immobilized onto highly porous gold electrodes for sensing and fuel cell applications

Abstract The successful implementation of redox-enzyme electrodes in biosensors and enzymatic biofuel cells has been the subject of extensive research. For high sensitivity and high energy-conversion efficiency, the effective electron transfer at the protein-electrode interface has a key role. This is difficult to achieve in the case of glucose oxidase, due to the fact that for this enzyme the redox centre is buried inside the structure, far from any feasible electrode binding sites. This study reports, a simple and rapid methodology for the direct immobilisation of glucose oxidase into highly porous gold electrodes. When the resulting electrode was tested as glucose sensor, a Michaelis-Menten kinetic trend was observed, with a detection limit of 25 μM. The bioelectrode sensitivity, calculated against the superficial surface area of the bioelectrode, was of 22.7 ± 0.1 μA mM −1  cm −2 . This glucose oxidase electrode was also tested as an anode in a glucose/O 2 enzymatic biofuel cell, leading to a peak power density of 6 μW cm −2 at a potential of 0.2 V.

[1]  Huaiguo Xue,et al.  Bioelectrochemical characteristics of glucose oxidase immobilized in a polyaniline film , 1996 .

[2]  A. Downard,et al.  Electrochemical and atomic force microscopy study of carbon surface modification via diazonium reduction in aqueous and acetonitrile solutions. , 2004, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[3]  Arunas Ramanavicius,et al.  Glucose biosensor based on graphite electrodes modified with glucose oxidase and colloidal gold nanoparticles , 2010 .

[4]  Shu Wang,et al.  Fluorescence‐Amplifying Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide with Cationic Conjugated Polymers, and Its Application to Glucose Sensing , 2006 .

[5]  Ping Wang,et al.  Challenges in biocatalysis for enzyme-based biofuel cells. , 2006, Biotechnology advances.

[6]  Shaojun Dong,et al.  Organically Modified Sol‐Gel/Chitosan Composite Based Glucose Biosensor , 2003 .

[7]  M. Mabuchi,et al.  Enzyme electrodes stabilized by monolayer-modified nanoporous Au for biofuel cells , 2012, Gold Bulletin.

[8]  A. Griffiths,et al.  Membraneless glucose/O2 microfluidic biofuel cells using covalently bound enzymes. , 2013, Chemical communications.

[9]  S. Yau,et al.  Preserved enzymatic activity of glucose oxidase immobilized on an unmodified electrode , 2006 .

[10]  Luyang Chen,et al.  Biofunctionalized nanoporous gold for electrochemical biosensors , 2012 .

[11]  Itamar Willner,et al.  "Plugging into Enzymes": Nanowiring of Redox Enzymes by a Gold Nanoparticle , 2003, Science.

[12]  R. Pilloton,et al.  Thick film sensors based on laccases from different sources immobilized in polyaniline matrix , 2004 .

[13]  Adam Heller,et al.  Direct electrical communication between chemically modified enzymes and metal electrodes. I. Electron transfer from glucose oxidase to metal electrodes via electron relays, bound covalently to the enzyme , 1987 .

[14]  Yinbo Qu,et al.  Enzyme-modified nanoporous gold-based electrochemical biosensors. , 2009, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[15]  Plamen Atanassov,et al.  Glucose oxidase anode for biofuel cell based on direct electron transfer , 2006 .

[16]  Joseph Wang,et al.  Glucose Biosensors: 40 Years of Advances and Challenges , 2001 .

[17]  S. Shleev,et al.  High Redox Potential Cathode Based on Laccase Covalently Attached to Gold Electrode , 2011 .

[18]  Jianbin Zheng,et al.  A novel glucose biosensor based on direct electrochemistry of glucose oxidase incorporated in biomediated gold nanoparticles–carbon nanotubes composite film , 2011 .

[19]  Marco Musiani,et al.  Preparation and Characterization of Gold Nanostructures of Controlled Dimension by Electrochemical Techniques , 2007 .

[20]  F C Walsh,et al.  Biofuel cells and their development. , 2006, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[21]  Sergey Shleev,et al.  Miniature biofuel cell as a potential power source for glucose-sensing contact lenses. , 2013, Analytical chemistry.

[22]  P. Kanatharana,et al.  A highly stable oxygen-independent glucose biosensor based on a chitosan-albumin cryogel incorporated with carbon nanotubes and ferrocene , 2013 .

[23]  A. Nowicka,et al.  Orientation of Laccase on Charged Surfaces. Mediatorless Oxygen Reduction on Amino- and Carboxyl-Ended Ethylphenyl Groups , 2012 .

[24]  S. Dong,et al.  The direct electron transfer of glucose oxidase and glucose biosensor based on carbon nanotubes/chitosan matrix. , 2005, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[25]  Shen-ming Chen,et al.  Amperometric glucose sensor based on glucose oxidase immobilized on gelatin-multiwalled carbon nanotube modified glassy carbon electrode. , 2011, Bioelectrochemistry.

[26]  N. Bottini,et al.  Multi-walled carbon nanotubes induce T lymphocyte apoptosis. , 2006, Toxicology letters.

[27]  C. Chung,et al.  Direct electrodeposition of nanoporous gold with controlled multimodal pore size distribution , 2011 .

[28]  Mirella Di Lorenzo,et al.  Electrodeposited highly porous gold microelectrodes for the direct electrocatalytic oxidation of aqueous glucose , 2014 .

[29]  S. Shleev,et al.  Laccase electrode for direct electrocatalytic reduction of O2 to H2O with high-operational stability and resistance to chloride inhibition. , 2008, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[30]  Ray H. Baughman,et al.  Direct electron transfer of glucose oxidase on carbon nanotubes , 2002 .

[31]  N. Mano,et al.  Cation induced amplification of the electrocatalytic oxidation of NADH by immobilized nitro-fluorenone derivatives , 2001 .

[32]  K. G. Brandt,et al.  Interaction of D-glucal with Aspergillus niger glucose oxidase. , 1971, Biochemistry.

[33]  Andrew J Thorley,et al.  New perspectives in nanomedicine. , 2013, Pharmacology & therapeutics.

[34]  P. Si,et al.  One-step fabrication of bio-functionalized nanoporous gold/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) hybrid electrodes for amperometric glucose sensing. , 2013, Talanta.

[35]  Shelley D Minteer,et al.  Extended lifetime biofuel cells. , 2008, Chemical Society reviews.

[36]  Yanyan Yu,et al.  Direct electron transfer of glucose oxidase and biosensing for glucose based on PDDA-capped gold nanoparticle modified graphene/multi-walled carbon nanotubes electrode. , 2014, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[37]  Jin Guo,et al.  Amperometric sensor based on ferrocene-modified multiwalled carbon nanotube nanocomposites as electron mediator for the determination of glucose. , 2009, Analytical biochemistry.

[38]  M. Sallé,et al.  Electro-reduction of diazonium salts on gold: why do we observe multi-peaks ? , 2008 .

[39]  J. Vidal,et al.  Electropolymerization of pyrrole and immobilization of glucose oxidase in a flow system: influence of the operating conditions on analytical performance. , 1998, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[40]  J. Luong,et al.  Immobilization of glucose oxidase into a nanoporous TiO₂ film layered on metallophthalocyanine modified vertically-aligned carbon nanotubes for efficient direct electron transfer. , 2013, Biosensors & bioelectronics.