Grazing and Cutting under Different Nitrogen Rates, Application Methods and Planting Density Strongly Influence Qualitative Traits and Yield of Canola Crop

Canola crop has the potential for both seeds and grazing. Optimal planting density, time of nitrogen (N) fertilizer application and rates are the major aspects for successful qualitative traits and canola yield formation. In this content, optimization of planting density, N levels and its time of application in dual purpose canola are needed. This study was carried out in RCB design with split pot arrangement having three repeats during winter 2012–2013 and 2013–2014. The study evaluated N levels (120 and 80 kg N ha−1), cutting treatment, N application timings and planting density (20 and 40 plants m−2) effects on qualitative traits and yield of canola. No-cut treatment had 7.02%, 2.46%, and 4.26% higher, glucosinolates, oil, and protein content with 31.3% and 30.5% higher biological and grain yield respectively, compared with grazed canola. Compared with no-cut canola, grazed canola resulted in 7.74% of higher erucic acid. Further, application of N at 120 kg N ha−1 had 8.81%, 5.52%, and 6.06% higher glucosinolates, percent protein, and seed yield, respectively than 80 kg N ha−1. In-addition, the application of N into two splits was most beneficial than the rest application timings. Cutting had 15% reduction in grain yield of canola and fetched additional income of 143.6 USD compared with no-cut. Grazing resulted in a 23% reduction in grain yield while had additional income of 117.7 USD from fodder yield. Conclusively, the application of N in two splits at 120 kg N ha−1 combined with 20 plants m−2 is a promising strategy to achieve good qualitative attributes and canola yield under dual purpose system.

[1]  A. Khan,et al.  Changes in Leaf Structural and Functional Characteristics when Changing Planting Density at Different Growth Stages Alters Cotton Lint Yield under a New Planting Model , 2019, Agronomy.

[2]  D. Tan,et al.  Planting Density Induced Changes in Cotton Biomass Yield, Fiber Quality, and Phosphorus Distribution under Beta Growth Model , 2019, Agronomy.

[3]  Robert W. Howarth,et al.  Nitrogen , 2018, Reactions Weekly.

[4]  Gaihe Yang,et al.  Wheat straw mulching offset soil moisture deficient for improving physiological and growth performance of summer sown soybean , 2019, Agricultural Water Management.

[5]  J. Ovesná,et al.  Evaluation of genetic diversity of Brassica napus germplasm from China and Europe assessed by RAPD markers , 2018 .

[6]  Saif Ali,et al.  Optimal planting density and sowing date can improve cotton yield by maintaining reproductive organ biomass and enhancing potassium uptake , 2017 .

[7]  J. Kirkegaard,et al.  Crop and livestock production for dual-purpose winter canola (Brassica napus) in the high-rainfall zone of south-eastern Australia , 2014 .

[8]  H. Bagheri,et al.  The Effect of Planting Density on Morphological Traits of Spring Canola Cultivars in Chaloos Region of Iran , 2013 .

[9]  J. Kirkegaard,et al.  Growth, recovery, and yield of dual-purpose canola (Brassica napus) in the medium-rainfall zone of south-eastern Australia , 2012, Crop and Pasture Science.

[10]  J. Kirkegaard,et al.  Refining crop and livestock management for dual-purpose spring canola (Brassica napus) , 2012, Crop and Pasture Science.

[11]  J. Kirkegaard,et al.  Physiological response of spring canola (Brassica napus) to defoliation in diverse environments , 2012 .

[12]  M. Ramroodi,et al.  Effect of plant density and cultivars on growth, yield and yield components of faba bean ( Vicia faba L.) , 2010 .

[13]  L. Narits.  Effect of nitrogen rate and application time to yield and quality of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. var. oleifera subvar. biennis). , 2010 .

[14]  D. Karpouzas,et al.  Impact of nitrogen and sulfur fertilization on the composition of glucosinolates in relation to sulfur assimilation in different plant organs of broccoli. , 2009, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[15]  D. Susko,et al.  A comparison of artificial defoliation techniques using canola (Brassica napus) , 2009, Plant Ecology.

[16]  Z. Rengel,et al.  Australian canola germplasm differs in nitrogen and sulfur efficiency , 2008 .

[17]  Y. Gan,et al.  Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Nitrogen Uptake of juncea Canola under Diverse Environments , 2008 .

[18]  J. Kirkegaard,et al.  Identifying canola varieties for dual-purpose use , 2008 .

[19]  J. Tokuhisa,et al.  The Effect of Sulfur Nutrition on Plant Glucosinolate Content: Physiology and Molecular Mechanisms , 2007, Plant biology.

[20]  M. Arif,et al.  Influence of nitrogen and sulfur fertilization on quality of canola (Brassica napus L.) under rainfed conditions , 2007, Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE B.

[21]  G. S. Buttar,et al.  Methods of planting and irrigation at various levels of nitrogen affect the seed yield and water use efficiency in transplanted oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) , 2006 .

[22]  Zhujun Zhu,et al.  Effect of Nitrogen and Sulfur Supply on Glucosinolates in Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis , 2006 .

[23]  G. H. Walton,et al.  Genotype by environment interactions of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) and canola (Brassica napus L.) in Mediterranean-type environments. II. Oil and protein concentrations in seed , 2006 .

[24]  Olaf Christen,et al.  Effects of nitrogen source and rate on productivity and quality of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) grown in different crop rotations , 2005 .

[25]  S. Malhi,et al.  Topography and management of nitrogen and fungicide affects diseases and productivity of canola , 2005 .

[26]  M. Asadi,et al.  EVALUATION OF NITROGEN AND IRRIGATION EFFECTS ON YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF CANOLA VARIETIES IN GONBAD , 2005 .

[27]  P. Barłóg,et al.  Effect of Timing and Nitrogen Fertilizer Application on Winter Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.). I. Growth Dynamics and Seed Yield , 2004 .

[28]  A. Khan,et al.  Nutritional yield and oil quality of canola cultivars grown in NWFP , 2004 .

[29]  X. Hao,et al.  Effect of long-term cattle manure application on relations between nitrogen and oil content in canola seed , 2004 .

[30]  J. Verreet,et al.  Effects of different cultivation systems (soil management, nitrogen fertilization) on the epidemics of fungal diseases in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. var. napus) , 2004 .

[31]  C. Smith,et al.  The effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on rapeseed (Brassica napes) production in South-Eastern Australia , 1988, Irrigation Science.

[32]  J. Schjoerring,et al.  Ammonia Emission from Mineral Fertilizers and Fertilized Crops , 2004 .

[33]  M. Stapper,et al.  Effects of sowing time and nitrogen fertiliser on canola and wheat, and nitrogen fertiliser on Indian mustard. II. Nitrogen concentrations, N accumulation, and N fertiliser use efficiency , 2001 .

[34]  A. Hussain,et al.  Effects of Time and Rate of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Application on the Growth and the Seed and Oil Yields of Canola (Brassica napus L.) , 2001 .

[35]  G. Walton,et al.  Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on the concentrations of oil and protein in canola (brassica napus) seed , 2000 .

[36]  M. Cheema.  Production Efficiency of Canola (Barassica Napus) Cv. Shiralee under Different Agro-Management Practices. , 1999 .

[37]  S. Karimulla,et al.  Effect of irrigation and nitrogen on yield and yield components of two rapeseed cultivars , 1996 .

[38]  E. Asare,et al.  Rate of nitrogen and sulphur fertilizers on yield, yield components and seed quality of oilseed rape (brassica napus L.) , 1995 .

[39]  Phil Williams,et al.  Comparison of three whole seed near-infrared analyzers for measuring quality components of canola seed , 1994 .

[40]  E. J. Evans,et al.  Influence of nitrogen and sulphur on the glucosinolate profile of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) , 1994 .

[41]  M. R. Holmes.  Nutrition of the Oilseed Rape Crop , 1980 .