Numerical simulation of concrete expansion in concrete dams affected by alkali–aggregate reaction: state-of-the-art

Many concrete dams and other concrete structures in Canada, and throughout the world, are suffering from deteriorations induced by alkali–aggregate reaction (AAR) that impair the durability and serviceability, and might also affect, in the long term, the safety of the installation. Alkali–aggregate reaction produces concrete expansion, and generally leads to a loss of strength and stiffness (cracking), and generates undesirable deformations and disturbances in the equilibrium of internal forces. The expansion mechanisms in concrete affected by AAR are complex and influenced by a number of factors that are difficult to quantify. Nevertheless, advanced numerical simulation models are generally used in close conjunction with field monitoring of displacements to assist in the structural evaluation and rehabilitation of dams where AAR has been identified. A review of the physical processes that control the structural behaviour of concrete dams suffering from AAR, and numerical simulation procedures to represen...