Robust Face Recognition Technique for a Real-Time Embedded Face Recognition System

In Chapter 8, Shan, Bigdeli, Lovell and Chen propose a pose variability compensation technique which synthesizes realistic frontal face images from non-frontal views. It is based on modeling the face via active appearance models and estimating the pose through a correlation model. The proposed technique is coupled with adaptive principal component analysis (APCA) which was previously shown to perform well in the presence of both lighting and expression variations. The proposed recognition techniques, though advanced, are not computationally intensive. So they are quite well-suited to the embedded system environment. Indeed, the authors have implemented an early prototype of a face recognition module on a mobile camera phone so that the camera could be used to identify the person holding the phone.

[1]  David Beymer,et al.  Face recognition from one example view , 1995, Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision.

[2]  P. Jonathon Phillips,et al.  Face recognition vendor test 2002 , 2003, 2003 IEEE International SOI Conference. Proceedings (Cat. No.03CH37443).

[3]  Joachim M. Buhmann,et al.  Distortion Invariant Object Recognition in the Dynamic Link Architecture , 1993, IEEE Trans. Computers.

[4]  Electronics Letters , 1965, Nature.

[5]  K. Walker,et al.  View-based active appearance models , 2000, Proceedings Fourth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (Cat. No. PR00580).

[6]  Takeo Kanade,et al.  Neural Network-Based Face Detection , 1998, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell..

[7]  Narayanan Vijaykrishnan,et al.  Embedded hardware face detection , 2004, 17th International Conference on VLSI Design. Proceedings..

[8]  David A. Forsyth,et al.  Finding Naked People , 1996, ECCV.

[9]  Alex Pentland,et al.  Face recognition using eigenfaces , 1991, Proceedings. 1991 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.

[10]  Laurenz Wiskott,et al.  Face recognition by dynamic link matching , 1996 .

[11]  Alex Pentland,et al.  Space-time gestures , 1993, Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.

[12]  Paul A. Viola,et al.  Rapid object detection using a boosted cascade of simple features , 2001, Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. CVPR 2001.

[13]  Norbert Krüger,et al.  Face Recognition by Elastic Bunch Graph Matching , 1997, CAIP.

[14]  Alex Pentland,et al.  View-based and modular eigenspaces for face recognition , 1994, 1994 Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.

[15]  Alex Pentland,et al.  Probabilistic Visual Learning for Object Representation , 1997, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell..

[16]  Shimon Ullman,et al.  Face Recognition: The Problem of Compensating for Changes in Illumination Direction , 1994, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell..

[17]  Ricardo Dahab,et al.  A custom instruction approach for hardware and software implementations of finite field arithmetic over F263 using Gaussian normal bases , 2005, FPT.

[18]  Richa Singh,et al.  Face Recognition Technology: A Biometric Solution to Security Problems , 2004 .

[19]  Ricardo Dahab,et al.  A Custom Instruction Approach for Hardware and Software Implementations of Finite Field Arithmetic over $$\mathbb{F}_{{2^{{163}} }} $$ using Gaussian Normal Bases , 2007, Proceedings. 2005 IEEE International Conference on Field-Programmable Technology, 2005..

[20]  Brian C. Lovell,et al.  Robust Face Recognition for Data Mining , 2009, Encyclopedia of Data Warehousing and Mining.

[21]  R. Jafari,et al.  An FPGA Based Fast Face Detector , 2004 .

[22]  M. Turk,et al.  Eigenfaces for Recognition , 1991, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[23]  Shiguang Shan,et al.  Pose normalization for robust face recognition based on statistical affine transformation , 2003, Fourth International Conference on Information, Communications and Signal Processing, 2003 and the Fourth Pacific Rim Conference on Multimedia. Proceedings of the 2003 Joint.

[24]  B. Lovell,et al.  Illumination and expression invariant face recognition with one sample image , 2004, Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, 2004. ICPR 2004..

[25]  Timothy F. Cootes,et al.  Active Appearance Models , 2001, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell..

[26]  Miroslaw Bober,et al.  A low cost FPGA system for high speed face detection and tracking , 2003, Proceedings. 2003 IEEE International Conference on Field-Programmable Technology (FPT) (IEEE Cat. No.03EX798).

[27]  Rob McCready,et al.  Real-Time Face Detection on a Configurable Hardware System , 2000, FPL.

[28]  Jonathan Rose,et al.  The Transmogrifier-2: a 1 million gate rapid prototyping system , 1997, FPGA '97.

[29]  Christof Paar,et al.  Architectural support for arithmetic in optimal extension fields , 2004 .

[30]  David J. Fleet,et al.  Robustly Estimating Changes in Image Appearance , 2000, Comput. Vis. Image Underst..

[31]  Aziz Umit Batur,et al.  A DSP-based approach for the implementation of face recognition algorithms , 2003, 2003 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 2003. Proceedings. (ICASSP '03)..

[32]  Muhittin Gökmen,et al.  Eigenhill vs. eigenface and eigenedge , 2000, Proceedings 15th International Conference on Pattern Recognition. ICPR-2000.

[33]  Samy Bengio,et al.  On transforming statistical models for non-frontal face verification , 2006, Pattern Recognit..

[34]  Srivaths Ravi,et al.  Architectures for efficient face authentication in embedded systems , 2006, Proceedings of the Design Automation & Test in Europe Conference.

[35]  Sagarmay Deb.  Multimedia Systems and Content-Based Image Retrieval , 2003 .

[36]  Kuldip K. Paliwal,et al.  Fast feature extraction method for robust face verification , 2002 .

[37]  J. Bower.  A system-on-a-chip for audio encoding , 2004, 2004 International Symposium on System-on-Chip, 2004. Proceedings..

[38]  Jonathan Rose,et al.  The Transmogrifier-2: a 1 million gate rapid-prototyping system , 1998, IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integr. Syst..

[39]  David J. Kriegman,et al.  Eigenfaces vs. Fisherfaces: Recognition Using Class Specific Linear Projection , 1996, ECCV.

[40]  Hiroshi Murase,et al.  Learning and recognition of 3D objects from appearance , 1993, [1993] Proceedings IEEE Workshop on Qualitative Vision.

[41]  Rama Chellappa,et al.  Human and machine recognition of faces: a survey , 1995, Proc. IEEE.

[42]  A. Bigdeli,et al.  Multimedia extensions for a reconfigurable processor , 2004, Proceedings of 2004 International Symposium on Intelligent Multimedia, Video and Speech Processing, 2004..

[43]  Srivaths Ravi,et al.  Efficient fingerprint-based user authentication for embedded systems , 2005, Proceedings. 42nd Design Automation Conference, 2005..

[44]  Takao Onoye,et al.  High speed JPEG2000 encoder by configurable processor , 2002, Asia-Pacific Conference on Circuits and Systems.

[45]  Rama Chellappa,et al.  An architectural level design methodology for embedded face detection , 2005, 2005 Third IEEE/ACM/IFIP International Conference on Hardware/Software Codesign and System Synthesis (CODES+ISSS'05).

[46]  Tai-Chi Lee,et al.  DES Decoding Using FPGA and Custom Instructions , 2006, Third International Conference on Information Technology: New Generations (ITNG'06).

[47]  Timothy F. Cootes,et al.  Interpreting face images using active appearance models , 1998, Proceedings Third IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition.

[48]  Azriel Rosenfeld,et al.  Optimal edge-based shape detection , 2002, IEEE Trans. Image Process..

[49]  Timothy F. Cootes,et al.  Active Shape Models-Their Training and Application , 1995, Comput. Vis. Image Underst..

[50]  Mao Wei,et al.  Implementation of a real-time automated face recognition system for portable devices , 2004, IEEE International Symposium on Communications and Information Technology, 2004. ISCIT 2004..

[51]  D.L. Maskell,et al.  Accelerating an embedded RTOS in a SoPC platform , 2004, 2004 IEEE Region 10 Conference TENCON 2004..

[52]  章 毓晋,et al.  Advances in image and video segmentation , 2006 .

[53]  Donald Geman,et al.  Coarse-to-Fine Face Detection , 2004, International Journal of Computer Vision.

[54]  Takeo Kanade,et al.  Rotation Invariant Neural Network-Based Face Detection , 1998, Proceedings. 1998 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (Cat. No.98CB36231).