Impact of an Observation Unit and an Emergency Department-Admitted Patient Transfer Mandate in Decreasing Overcrowding in a Pediatric Emergency Department: A Discrete Event Simulation Exercise

Objectives: The primary objective was to examine the effects of a simulated observation unit (OU) and a transfer mandate for admitted patients on pediatric emergency department (PED) patient flow indicators. The secondary objective was to report on the occupancy rate of the simulated OU. Methods: Simulations were conducted using a previously designed and validated discrete event simulation model of our PED operations. A simulated OU was designed, and an emergency department-admitted patient transfer mandate was developed and then applied to a discrete event simulation model. Four scenarios (regular PED operations with and without a 5-bed OU and transfer mandate in all combinations) were modeled. Results: A combination of an OU and an emergency department-admitted patient transfer mandate resulted in reductions in time to be seen by a physician and length of stay in patients who were triaged with urgent or emergent presentations as compared with PED operations with neither an OU nor a transfer mandate. Small improvements in fractile response were observed for patients triaged with urgent presentations. The OU without the transfer mandate had a simulated occupancy rate of 73.1%. The inclusion of the transfer mandate reduced the occupancy rate to 48.1%. Conclusions: Simulation scenario analyses predict that an OU and a transfer mandate would reduce overcapacity in the PED, with more substantial reductions in time to be seen and length of stay for patients of high acuity.