Difference Between Area-Based and Cordon-Based Congestion Pricing: Investigation by Trip-Chain-Based Network Equilibrium Model with Nonadditive Path Costs

Modeling the effects of congestion pricing has become the focus of many researchers, and several have analyzed the cordon-based congestion pricing problem. However, few have attempted to investigate area-based congestion pricing because it is considered difficult to analyze precisely. Cordon-based pricing can be expressed easily in a traffic assignment procedure by the addition of a charge to the inbound links of a cordon area, but the impedance of area-based pricing cannot be expressed with a linkbased formulation. The objectives of this study are to propose a sound network model for evaluating area-based pricing and to compare the effects of area-based pricing and cordon-based pricing. First, it is pointed out that an exact treatment of area-based congestion pricing requires consideration of the nonadditive trip-chain-based path cost. Such consideration appears complicated, but a simple trip-chain-based network equilibrium model with nonadditive path cost is formulated here, and a convex minimization pr...

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