Experimental Study of Impact-Damage Detection in Composite Laminates using a Cross-Modulation Vibro-Acoustic Technique

The paper demonstrates the application of cross-modulation vibro-acoustic technique for impact-damage detection in composite laminates. A composite plate is monitored for damage resulting from a low-velocity impact. The plate is excited simultaneously with two harmonic signals: a slow amplitude-modulated vibration pumping wave and a constant amplitude-probing wave. The frequency of both the excitation signals coincides with the resonances of the plate. An electromagnetic shaker is used to introduce the pumping wave to the plate. Two surface-bonded, low-profile piezoceramic transducers are used for probing-wave excitation and measurement. The wave modulation is transferred from the pumping wave to the probing wave in the presence of impact damage. This effect is exhibited in a power spectrum of the probing wave by a pattern of sidebands around the carrier harmonic. The results show that the amplitude of the sidebands is related to the severity of damage. The study also investigates also the effect of boundary conditions on the results.

[1]  T. Jones,et al.  Thermographic detection of impact damage in graphite-epoxy composites , 1992 .

[2]  Alexander Sutin,et al.  Nonlinear elastic constants of solids with cracks , 1997 .

[3]  K. E.-A. Van Den Abeele,et al.  Nonlinear Elastic Wave Spectroscopy (NEWS) Techniques to Discern Material Damage, Part I: Nonlinear Wave Modulation Spectroscopy (NWMS) , 2000 .

[4]  K. E. -A. Van Den Abeele,et al.  Nonlinear Elastic Wave Spectroscopy (NEWS) Techniques to Discern Material Damage, Part II: Single-Mode Nonlinear Resonance Acoustic Spectroscopy , 2000, Research in Nondestructive Evaluation.

[5]  J. Krautkrämer,et al.  Ultrasonic Testing of Materials , 1969 .

[6]  P. Bowen,et al.  Changes in portlandite morphology with solvent composition: Atomistic simulations and experiment , 2011 .

[7]  Michele Meo,et al.  Damage localization using transient non-linear elastic wave spectroscopy on composite structures , 2008 .

[8]  D. Thompson,et al.  Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation , 1982 .

[9]  Alexander Sutin,et al.  Vibro-Acoustic Modulation Nondestructive Evaluation Technique , 1998, Smart Structures.

[10]  Vladimir Zaitsev,et al.  Luxemburg-gorky effect retooled for elastic waves: a mechanism and experimental evidence. , 2002, Physical review letters.

[11]  K. Van Den Abeele,et al.  Slow elastic dynamics in a resonant bar of rock , 1998 .

[12]  J. Rose.  Ultrasonic Waves in Solid Media , 1999 .

[13]  Otto Buck,et al.  Acoustic harmonic generation due to fatigue damage in high‐strength aluminum , 1979 .

[14]  W. E. Lawrie,et al.  Ultrasonic testing of materials: 2nd English Edition, translated from the 3rd German Edition, J. & H. Krautkrämer Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York (1977) 667 pp, $65.20, DM 148 , 1978 .

[15]  Vladimir Zaitsev,et al.  The Luxemburg-Gorky Effect Revived for Elastic Waves: a Mechanism and Experimental Evidence , 2002 .

[16]  W. Staszewski,et al.  Nonlinear acoustics with low-profile piezoceramic excitation for crack detection in metallic structures , 2006 .

[17]  S. Abrate.  Composite structures: impact on composites 2002 , 2003 .

[18]  V Yu Zaitsev,et al.  Observation of the "Luxemburg-Gorky effect" for elastic waves. , 2002, Ultrasonics.

[19]  Grant P. Steven,et al.  VIBRATION-BASED MODEL-DEPENDENT DAMAGE (DELAMINATION) IDENTIFICATION AND HEALTH MONITORING FOR COMPOSITE STRUCTURES — A REVIEW , 2000 .

[20]  Wieslaw J. Staszewski,et al.  Comparative study of nonlinear acoustic and Lamb wave techniques for fatigue crack detection in metallic structures , 2008 .

[21]  Michele Meo,et al.  Nonlinear elastic wave spectroscopy identification of impact damage on a sandwich plate , 2005 .

[22]  P. Johnson,et al.  Nonlinear Elastic Wave Spectroscopy (NEWS) Techniques to Discern Material Damage, Part II: Single-Mode Nonlinear Resonance Acoustic Spectroscopy , 2000 .

[23]  B. D. H. TELLEGEN,et al.  Interaction between Radio-Waves? , 1933, Nature.

[24]  Dahsin Liu,et al.  Characterization of Impact Properties and Damage Process of Glass/Epoxy Composite Laminates , 2004 .

[25]  J. Gryzagoridis,et al.  Benchmarking shearographic NDT for composites , 2008 .

[26]  J. Richardson,et al.  Harmonic generation at an unbonded interface—I. Planar interface between semi-infinite elastic media , 1979 .

[27]  Michele Meo,et al.  Damage detection in an aircraft foam sandwich panel using nonlinear elastic wave spectroscopy , 2008 .

[28]  K. V. D. Abeele,et al.  Damage assessment in reinforced concrete using spectral and temporal nonlinear vibration techniques , 2000 .

[29]  Wieslaw J. Staszewski,et al.  Structural Health Monitoring Using Guided Ultrasonic Waves , 2004 .

[30]  Jang-Kyo Kim,et al.  Three-Dimensional Characterization of Impact Damage in CFRPs , 1997 .

[31]  Hoon Sohn,et al.  A nonlinear acoustic technique for crack detection in metallic structures , 2008, SPIE Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring.

[32]  Michele Meo,et al.  Detecting Damage in Composite Material Using Nonlinear Elastic Wave Spectroscopy Methods , 2008 .

[33]  Peter Cawley,et al.  A study of the vibro-acoustic modulation technique for the detection of cracks in metals , 2006 .

[34]  H Prosser William,et al.  Acoustic Emission Signals in Thin Plates Produced by Impact Damage , 1999 .

[35]  Veniamin E. Nazarov,et al.  Novel nonlinear-modulation acoustic technique for crack detection , 2006 .

[36]  Peter B. Nagy,et al.  Acoustic Nonlinearities in Adhesive Joints , 1990 .

[37]  Francesco Aymerich,et al.  Assessment of NDT interferometric techniques for impact damage detection in composite laminates , 2006 .