Transitioning to a green economy: the case of tourism in Bali, Indonesia

This paper presents a framework for a green economy transition in tourism destinations. While the literature has suggested many models to guide sustainable tourism, very few studies have investigated the green economy in a tourism context. The main distinguishing factor between the green economy and sustainable development may be described as the acknowledgement of climate change as an existential threat to society and the aim to avoid policy, management and governance fragmentation (which has been common for environmental issues) by addressing greenhouse gas emissions, resource efficiency and social inclusiveness holistically at the economic level. This study frames the green economy concept from a tourism perspective and presents a model for translating the green economy concept into a tourism stakeholder engagement process. The model was tested in the case study of Bali, Indonesia, involving research methods such as visioning group techniques with tourism stakeholders, tourism economy and employment forecasting, resource efficiency estimates as well as resident and visitor surveys. This was followed by an analysis from a green economy stance to develop a Green Growth 2050 Roadmap for Bali tourism. The result is a framework which may be particularly relevant for tourism destinations experiencing rapid change without the capacity to respond.

[1]  S. Cole.  A political ecology of water equity and tourism. A Case Study From Bali. , 2012 .

[2]  Jill Kubit,et al.  Green Jobs: Towards Decent Work in a Sustainable, Low-Carbon World , 2008 .

[3]  G. O’Brien,et al.  Sustainable development: mapping different approaches , 2005 .

[4]  Michel Picard,et al.  Bali: Cultural Tourism and Touristic Culture , 1998 .

[5]  Susanne Becken,et al.  Tourism and Climate Change: Risks and Opportunities , 2007 .

[6]  J. Pretty,et al.  Parks, people and professionals : putting "participation" into protected area management , 1995 .

[7]  I. Pitana.  Tri Hita Karana – The Local Wisdom of the Balinese in Managing Development , 2010 .

[8]  R. Schmalensee.  From “Green Growth” to sound policies: An overview , 2012 .

[9]  Angela Oels.  Investigating the emotional roller‐coaster ride: a case study‐based assessment of the Future Search Conference design , 2002 .

[10]  E. F. Schumacher,et al.  Small is Beautiful: A Study of Economics as if People Mattered , 1974 .

[11]  Nathaniel L. Beck,et al.  Time-Varying Parameter Regression Models , 1983 .

[12]  R. Kasperson,et al.  Linking vulnerability, adaptation, and resilience science to practice: Pathways, players, and partnerships , 2007 .

[13]  Jackie Clarke,et al.  A framework of approaches to sustainable tourism. , 1997 .

[14]  Ronald N. Kostoff,et al.  Science and technology roadmaps , 2001, IEEE Trans. Engineering Management.

[15]  J. Mair,et al.  Developing a framework for regional destination adaptation to climate change , 2010 .

[16]  R. Douthwaite.  The Growth Illusion: How Economic Growth Has Enriched the Few, Impoverished the Many and Endangered the Planet , 1999 .

[17]  R. Rumelt.  Good Strategy Bad Strategy: The Difference and Why It Matters , 2011 .

[18]  B. Bramwell,et al.  Governance, the state and sustainable tourism: a political economy approach , 2011 .

[19]  J. Pearl.  Causality: Models, Reasoning and Inference , 2000 .

[20]  Susanne Becken,et al.  Climate Change and Tourism: National Adaption Policies, 2010 , 2012 .

[21]  Alexandra Law,et al.  Towards a green economy decision support system for tourism destinations , 2012 .

[22]  Designing the Green Economy: The Postindustrial Alternative to Corporate Globalization , 2000 .

[23]  Thomas A. Kappel,et al.  Perspectives on roadmaps: how organizations talk about the future , 2001 .

[24]  K. Simpson.  Strategic Planning and Community Involvement as Contributors to Sustainable Tourism Development , 2001 .

[25]  W. McDowall,et al.  Forecasts, scenarios, visions, backcasts and roadmaps to the hydrogen economy: A review of the hydrogen futures literature , 2006 .

[26]  J. Farley.  Steady state economics , 2014 .

[27]  Siem Jan Koopman,et al.  Structural Time Series Models , 2005 .

[28]  Molly Scott Cato,et al.  Green Economics: An Introduction to Theory, Policy and Practice , 2008 .

[29]  C. Michael Hall,et al.  Framing behavioural approaches to understanding and governing sustainable tourism consumption: beyond neoliberalism, “nudging” and “green growth”? , 2013 .

[30]  Sarah Nicholls,et al.  Climate Change and Tourism , 2004 .

[31]  Un Environment Inclusive Green EconomyResources,et al.  Towards a Green Economy Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication, Conclusion , 2017 .

[32]  Paul Peeters,et al.  Climate Change and Tourism: Responding to Global Challenges. , 2007 .

[33]  T. D. Lacy,et al.  Public/private partnerships for sustainable tourism : delivering a sustainability strategy for tourism destinations , 2002 .

[34]  Alexandra Law,et al.  Green Growth 2050 Roadmap for Bali sustainable tourism development , 2012 .

[35]  Kristin G. Esterberg,et al.  Qualitative Methods in Social Research , 2001 .