An Electronic Architecture for Multipurpose Artificial Noses

This paper deals with the design of an electronic device aimed at the detection and characterization of volatile chemical substances, that is, an electronic nose (e-nose). We pursue the development of a versatile, multipurpose e-nose that can be employed for a wide variety of applications, can integrate heterogeneous sensing technologies, and can offer a mechanism to be customized for different requirements. To that end, we contribute with a fully configurable and decentralized e-nose architecture based on self-contained and intelligent sensor boards (i.e., modules). This design allows for the integration not only of heterogeneous gas sensor technologies, like MOX and AEC sensors, but also of other components, such as GPS or Bluetooth, for a total of up to 127 individual modules. We describe an implementation of a fully operative prototype as an illustrative example of its potential for sensor networks, mobile robotics, and wearable technologies, each using different combinations of sensors.

[1]  Kiran Chikkadi,et al.  E-Nose Sensing of Low-ppb Formaldehyde in Gas Mixtures at High Relative Humidity for Breath Screening of Lung Cancer? , 2016 .

[2]  Esmat Rashedi,et al.  Detecting moldy Bread using an E-nose and the KNN classifier , 2015, 2015 5th International Conference on Computer and Knowledge Engineering (ICCKE).

[3]  Maria K. LaGasse,et al.  An optoelectronic nose for identification of explosives† †Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Sampling details, handheld reader details, additional array response data, PCA component score plots, 1H-NMR of DMDNB and PETN. See DOI: 10.1039/c5sc02632f , 2015, Chemical science.

[4]  Jun Wang,et al.  Qualitative and quantitative analysis on aroma characteristics of ginseng at different ages using E-nose and GC-MS combined with chemometrics. , 2015, Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis.

[5]  Carlos Sanchez-Garrido,et al.  Monitoring household garbage odors in urban areas through distribution maps , 2014, IEEE SENSORS 2014 Proceedings.

[6]  Carlos Sanchez-Garrido,et al.  A configurable smart e-nose for spatio-temporal olfactory analysis , 2014, IEEE SENSORS 2014 Proceedings.

[7]  Roberto Passerone,et al.  Deployment and evaluation of a wireless sensor network for methane leak detection , 2013 .

[8]  Javier Gonzalez-Jimenez,et al.  Probabilistic gas quantification with MOX sensors in Open Sampling Systems—A Gaussian Process approach , 2013 .

[9]  J. Feller,et al.  An e-nose made of carbon nanotube based quantum resistive sensors for the detection of eighteen polar/nonpolar VOC biomarkers of lung cancer. , 2013, Journal of materials chemistry. B.

[10]  Alex van Belkum,et al.  Diagnosis of active tuberculosis by e-nose analysis of exhaled air. , 2013, Tuberculosis.

[11]  Daqiang Zhang,et al.  A Survey on Gas Sensing Technology , 2012, Sensors.

[12]  William G. Griswold,et al.  Citisense: Mobile air quality sensing for individuals and communities Design and deployment of the Citisense mobile air-quality system , 2012, 2012 6th International Conference on Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare (PervasiveHealth) and Workshops.

[13]  S. Osowski,et al.  Metal oxide sensor arrays for detection of explosives at sub-parts-per million concentration levels by the differential electronic nose , 2012 .

[14]  Marc Pollefeys,et al.  PIXHAWK: A system for autonomous flight using onboard computer vision , 2011, 2011 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation.

[15]  C. Rivkin,et al.  An overview of hydrogen safety sensors and requirements , 2011 .

[16]  James A. Covington,et al.  An electronic nose employing dual-channel odour separation columns with large chemosensor arrays for advanced odour discrimination , 2009 .

[17]  Alphus D. Wilson,et al.  Applications and Advances in Electronic-Nose Technologies , 2009, Sensors.

[18]  M. Quirynen,et al.  GC-MS analysis of breath odor compounds in liver patients. , 2008, Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences.

[19]  N. Bârsan,et al.  Electronic nose: current status and future trends. , 2008, Chemical reviews.

[20]  E. Massera,et al.  Analysis of volcanic gases by means of electronic nose , 2007 .

[21]  T. Moriizumi,et al.  Mobile robot path planning using vision and olfaction to search for a gas source , 2005, IEEE Sensors, 2005..

[22]  K. R. Kashwan,et al.  Robust electronic-nose system with temperature and humidity drift compensation for tea and spice flavour discrimination , 2005, 2005 Asian Conference on Sensors and the International Conference on New Techniques in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research.

[23]  N. Lewis.  Comparisons between mammalian and artificial olfaction based on arrays of carbon black-polymer composite vapor detectors. , 2004, Accounts of chemical research.

[24]  M. Holmberg,et al.  Drift Compensation, Standards, and Calibration Methods , 2004 .

[25]  A. Noble,et al.  Characterization of odor-active compounds in Californian chardonnay wines using GC-olfactometry and GC-mass spectrometry. , 2003, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[26]  Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna,et al.  A portable electronic nose based on embedded PC technology and GNU/Linux: hardware, software and applications , 2002 .

[27]  Nathan S. Lewis,et al.  Cross-Reactive Chemical Sensor Arrays , 2000 .

[28]  J. A. Dickson,et al.  Integrated chemical sensors based on carbon black and polymer films using a standard CMOS process and post-processing , 2000, 2000 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems. Emerging Technologies for the 21st Century. Proceedings (IEEE Cat No.00CH36353).

[29]  B. Reedy,et al.  Temperature modulation in semiconductor gas sensing , 1999 .

[30]  Javier Gonzalez Monroy,et al.  Time-variant gas distribution mapping with obstacle information , 2015, Autonomous Robots.

[31]  David Hasenfratz,et al.  Enabling Large-Scale Urban Air Quality Monitoring with Mobile Sensor Nodes , 2015 .

[32]  Maria K. LaGasse,et al.  ic nose for identi fi cation of explosives † , 2015 .

[33]  Ganesh Kumar Mani,et al.  Electronic noses for food quality : a review , 2015 .

[34]  Achim J. Lilienthal,et al.  From Insects to Micro Air Vehicles - A Comparison of Reactive Plume Tracking Strategies , 2014, IAS.

[35]  J. Stetter,et al.  Amperometric gas sensors. , 1993, Talanta.