Patient dosimetry activities in the United States: the nationwide evaluation of X-ray trends (NEXT) and tissue dose handbooks.

In the United States the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in collaboration with the Conference of Radiation Control Program Directors (CRCPD) and state and local government agencies surveys clinical facilities about X-ray system air kerma and ancillary data related to patient dosimetry for a variety of diagnostic X-ray examinations. The survey program is known as the Nationwide Evaluation of X-ray Trends (NEXT). The survey utilizes reference patient-equivalent phantoms in the collection of comprehensive technical information. With knowledge of the skin-entrance air kerma, specific tissue doses can be calculated. An overview of NEXT and previously published FDA tissue dose handbooks for diagnostic X-ray examinations is presented.

[1]  W Abmayr,et al.  The calculations of dose from external photon exposures using reference and realistic human phantoms and Monte Carlo methods , 1986 .

[2]  M. Rosenstein,et al.  Quantification of current practice in pediatric roentgenography for organ dose calculations , 1979 .

[3]  D. Spelic,et al.  Nationwide survey of fluoroscopy: radiation dose and image quality. , 1997, Radiology.

[4]  O H Suleiman,et al.  Average radiation exposure values for three diagnostic radiographic examinations. , 1990, Radiology.

[5]  W. S. Snyder,et al.  Estimates of absorbed fractions for monoenergetic photon sources uniformly distributed in various organs of a heterogeneous phantom. , 1974, Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine.

[6]  L. Stanton,et al.  Comparison of ion chamber and TLD dosimetry in mammography. , 1981, Medical physics.

[7]  O. Suleiman,et al.  National survey of mammographic facilities in 1985, 1988, and 1992. , 1994, Radiology.

[8]  G. G. Warner,et al.  Mathematical descriptions of a one- and five-year old child for use in dosimetry calculations , 1976 .

[9]  P. Butler,et al.  Chest radiography: a survey of techniques and exposure levels currently used. , 1985, Radiology.

[10]  J.M.L. Hwang,et al.  Mathematical description of a newborn human for use in dosimetry calculations , 1976 .

[11]  Marvin Rosenstein,et al.  Organ doses in diagnostic radiology , 1976 .

[12]  O. Suleiman,et al.  The Sensitometric Technique for the Evaluation of Processing (STEP) , 1993 .

[13]  W. S. Snyder,et al.  Tabulation of dose equivalent per microcurie-day for source and target organs of an adult for various radionuclides , 1974 .

[14]  M. Zankl,et al.  Effective dose and effective dose equivalent--the impact of the new ICRP definition for external photon irradiation. , 1992, Health physics.

[15]  Icrp.  1990 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection , 1991 .

[16]  N. Gkanatsios,et al.  Evaluation of an on-line patient exposure meter in neuroradiology. , 1997, Radiology.

[17]  P. Schonken,et al.  Health effects of exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation , 1991 .

[18]  J. Mccrohan,et al.  Average radiation dose in standard CT examinations of the head: results of the 1990 NEXT survey. , 1992, Radiology.

[19]  The Personal Values of Australian Managers , 1985 .

[20]  T. Villafana,et al.  Dosage evaluation in mammography. , 1984, Radiology.

[21]  R Birch,et al.  Computation of bremsstrahlung X-ray spectra and comparison with spectra measured with a Ge(Li) detector. , 1979, Physics in medicine and biology.

[22]  T. Beck,et al.  Handbook of selected organ doses for projections common in diagnostic radiology , 1979 .

[23]  T. R. Fewell,et al.  Beam quality independent attenuation phantom for estimating patient exposure from x-ray automatic exposure controlled chest examinations. , 1984, Medical physics.

[24]  T R Fewell,et al.  Photon energy distribution of some typical diagnostic x-ray beams. , 1977, Medical physics.

[25]  Simulation of the upper gastrointestinal fluoroscopic examination for calculation of absorbed dose in tissue. , 1995, Health physics.

[26]  G. Rao,et al.  Tissue doses in the upper gastrointestinal fluoroscopy examination. , 1991, Radiology.

[27]  W. S. Snyder,et al.  Report of the task group on reference man , 1979, Annals of the ICRP.

[28]  R J Jennings,et al.  A patient-equivalent attenuation phantom for estimating patient exposures from automatic exposure controlled x-ray examinations of the abdomen and lumbo-sacral spine. , 1990, Medical physics.