Random Oracles Separate PSPACE from the Polynomial-Time Hierarchy

Abstract By confirming a conjecture of First, Saxe, and Sipser (1981) on the size of constant-depth parity circuits, Yao (1985) has completed the proof that PSPACE is separated from the polynomial-time hierarchy by some oracle. Cai (1986) modified Yao's complex argument to prove that this separation occurs relative to almost every oracle. We prove that this result actually follows immeadiately from Yao's theorem, using a simple construction of Ajtai and Ben-Or (1984) to eliminate randomization in bounded-depth Boolean circuits.