Dual Water Distribution Network Design under Triple-Bottom-Line Objectives

Rapid urban growth has stressed limited supplies of high-quality water sources and water shortage has become a major issue in worldwide. Today, sustainable water supply to meet growing demand is a significant concern for water utilities. Developing additional high-quality sources is not necessarily available; it may be costly to convey water from sources that are usually located far from users or there may be legal battles over water rights. A well-proven source that does not have significant conveyance costs and that does not pose water right conflicts is wastewater reclamation for nonpotable uses. A few studies have been completed for the design of reclaimed water distribution through a parallel pipe system. In earlier works, however, attention has mainly focused on the recycling of effluent for large users, such as golf courses, parks, and schools with the objective of minimizing economic cost. As reclaimed water takes on a larger role in many communities’ water supply, the questions of how and what wa...