Optimal seismic retrofit model for steel moment resisting frames with brittle connections

Based on performance-based seismic engineering, this paper proposes an optimal seismic retrofit model for steel moment resisting frames (SMRFs) to generate a retrofit scheme at minimal cost. To satisfy the acceptance criteria for the Basic Safety Objective (BSO) specified in FEMA 356, the minimum number of upgraded connections and their locations in an SMRF with brittle connections are determined by evolutionary computation. The performance of the proposed optimal retrofitting model is evaluated on the basis of the energy dissipation capacities, peak roof drift ratios, and maximum interstory drift ratios of structures before and after retrofitting. In addition, a retrofit efficiency index, which is defined as the ratio of the increment in seismic performance to the required retrofitting cost, is proposed to examine the efficiencies of the retrofit schemes derived from the model. The optimal seismic retrofit model is applied to the SAC benchmark examples for threestory and nine-story SMRFs with brittle connections. Using the retrofit efficiency index proposed in this study, the optimal retrofit schemes obtained from the model are found to be efficient for both examples in terms of energy dissipation capacity, roof drift ratio, and maximum inter-story drift ratio.

[1]  Eric M. Lui,et al.  A new methodology for energy-based seismic design of steel moment frames , 2017, Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration.

[2]  Hyo Seon Park,et al.  GA‐Based Multi‐Objective Optimization for Retrofit Design on a Multi‐Core PC Cluster , 2015, Comput. Aided Civ. Infrastructure Eng..

[3]  Shozo Nakamura,et al.  Application of genetic algorithm to optimization of buckling restrained braces for seismic upgrading of existing structures , 2009 .

[4]  Ricardo O. Foschi,et al.  Optimization for performance-based design under seismic demands, including social costs , 2015, Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration.

[5]  Hyo Seon Park,et al.  Multi-objective seismic retrofit method for using FRP jackets in shear-critical reinforced concrete frames , 2014 .

[6]  Donald E. Grierson,et al.  Push-over analysis for performance-based seismic design , 2002 .

[7]  John L. Gross,et al.  Modification of Existing Welded Steel Moment Frame Connections for Seismic Resistance | NIST , 2001 .

[8]  Douglas A. Foutch,et al.  Seismic Performance Evaluation of Pre-Northridge Steel Frame Buildings with Brittle Connections , 2002 .

[9]  Saif M. Hussain,et al.  Viscous Fluid Damper Retrofit of Pre-Northridge Steel Moment Frame Structures , 2007 .

[10]  M. D. Martínez-Rodrigo,et al.  An optimum retrofit strategy for moment resisting frames with nonlinear viscous dampers for seismic applications , 2003 .

[11]  Fooad Karimi Ghaleh Jough,et al.  Prediction of seismic collapse risk of steel moment frame mid-rise structures by meta-heuristic algorithms , 2016, Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration.

[12]  Hyo Seon Park,et al.  A model updating method with strain measurement from impact test for the safety of steel frame structures , 2017 .

[13]  Seyed Bahram Beheshti Aval,et al.  Effectiveness of two conventional methods for seismic retrofit of steel and RC moment resisting frames based on damage control criteria , 2017, Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration.

[14]  Manolis Papadrakakis,et al.  Performance-based multiobjective optimum design of steel structures considering life-cycle cost , 2006 .

[15]  K. Dejong,et al.  An analysis of the behavior of a class of genetic adaptive systems , 1975 .

[16]  Keh-Chyuan Tsai,et al.  Seismic rehabilitation performance of steel side plate moment connections , 2009 .

[17]  Lei Xu,et al.  Seismic Design Optimization of Steel Building Frameworks , 2006 .

[18]  Hyo Seon Park,et al.  Multi-objective seismic design method for ensuring beam-hinging mechanism in steel frames , 2012 .

[19]  Hyo Seon Park,et al.  Distributed Hybrid Genetic Algorithms for Structural Optimization on a PC Cluster , 2006 .

[20]  Scott M. Adan,et al.  Inelastic Cyclic Testing of the Kaiser Bolted Bracket Moment Connection , 2008 .

[21]  Hyo Seon Park,et al.  Modal Response‐Based Visual System Identification and Model Updating Methods for Building Structures , 2017, Comput. Aided Civ. Infrastructure Eng..

[22]  Cale Ash,et al.  Seismic Rehabilitation of an Existing Braced Frame Hospital Building by Direct Replacement with Buckling-Restrained Braces , 2009 .

[23]  D. A. Foutch,et al.  Evaluation of Connection Fracture and Hysteresis Type on the Seismic Response of Steel Buildings , 1997 .

[24]  Min Liu,et al.  Optimal seismic design of steel frame buildings based on life cycle cost considerations , 2003 .

[25]  Ersin Aydin,et al.  Optimal placement of steel diagonal braces for upgrading the seismic capacity of existing structures and its comparison with optimal dampers , 2008 .

[26]  Chia-Ming Uang,et al.  Seismic Upgrade of a 15-Story Steel Moment Frame Building—Satisfying Performance Criteria with Application of Experimental and Analytical Procedures , 2009 .

[27]  Y. K. Wen,et al.  Minimum Life-Cycle Cost Structural Design Against Natural Hazards , 2000 .

[28]  W. Liu,et al.  Seismic Evaluation and Rehabilitation of a Three Story Pre-Northridge Steel Frame Essential Service Facility , 2009 .

[29]  Albert Chen,et al.  Seismic rehabilitation of pre-Northridge steel moment connections: A case study , 2006 .

[30]  Takuya Nagae,et al.  Seismic capacity of retrofitted beam–column connections in high‐rise steel frames when subjected to long‐period ground motions , 2012 .

[31]  Andre Filiatrault,et al.  Performance-based seismic design of nonstructural building components: The next frontier of earthquake engineering , 2014, Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration.

[32]  Hyo Seon Park,et al.  Design model for analysis of relationships among CO2 emissions, cost, and structural parameters in green building construction with composite columns , 2016 .

[33]  Gregg Haskell Rehabilitation of a 1985 Steel Moment-Frame Building , 2003 .

[34]  Achintya Haldar,et al.  Seismic response analysis of steel frames with post-Northridge connection , 2005 .

[35]  David E. Goldberg,et al.  Genetic Algorithms in Search Optimization and Machine Learning , 1988 .

[36]  Goldberg,et al.  Genetic algorithms , 1993, Robust Control Systems with Genetic Algorithms.

[37]  Makoto Ohsaki,et al.  Optimal placement of braces for steel frames with semi-rigid joints by scatter search , 2008 .