An energy-efficient wireless sensor network routing protocol powered by ambient energy harvesting

Energy and clustering are the most important elements in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Lifetime, stability period, saving energy, deployment of nodes, fault tolerance and latency become the main challenges in WSNs as a result of its wide range of applications. This paper proposes a routing algorithm using solar powered nodes in a heterogeneous WSN to reach energy efficient clustering concept. It is shown via simulations that the proposed protocol has better network stability period, network lifetime, total remaining energy, and throughput compared to other protocols including LEACH, Teen, DEEC, and SEP with more effective and stability data packet messages.