Biological Insights From 108 Schizophrenia-Associated Genetic Loci

Schizophrenia is a highly heritable disorder. Genetic risk is conferred by a large number of alleles, including common alleles of small effect that might be detected by genome-wide association studies. Here we report a multi-stage schizophrenia genome-wide association study of up to 36,989 cases and 113,075 controls. We identify 128 independent associations spanning 108 conservatively defined loci that meet genome-wide significance, 83 of which have not been previously reported. Associations were enriched among genes expressed in brain, providing biological plausibility for the findings. Many findings have the potential to provide entirely new insights into aetiology, but associations at DRD2 and several genes involved in glutamatergic neurotransmission highlight molecules of known and potential therapeutic relevance to schizophrenia, and are consistent with leading pathophysiological hypotheses. Independent of genes expressed in brain, associations were enriched among genes expressed in tissues that have important roles in immunity, providing support for the speculated link between the immune system and schizophrenia.

C. Spencer | K. Davis | P. Visscher | N. Wray | M. Daly | H. Stefánsson | D. Rujescu | S. Cichon | O. Pietiläinen | S. Steinberg | E. Sigurdsson | T. Hansen | I. Giegling | A. Hartmann | J. Suvisaari | T. Paunio | E. Bramon | R. Murray | S. Tosato | Tao Li | S. Djurovic | I. Melle | N. Freimer | O. Andreassen | R. Ophoff | M. Rietschel | T. Werge | M. Nöthen | D. Collier | K. Stefánsson | G. Kirov | J. Lieberman | A. Malhotra | T. Schulze | M. Gill | N. Craddock | M. Owen | M. O’Donovan | P. Sullivan | J. Buxbaum | R. Cantor | S. Mccarroll | P. Sham | V. Salomaa | Jianxin Shi | J. Hirschhorn | R. Buckner | B. Neale | M. Hamshere | P. Holmans | A. Price | J. Waddington | R. Kahn | W. Cahn | R. Straub | D. Weinberger | S. Purcell | R. McCarley | W. Maier | J. Friedman | V. Haroutunian | J. Smoller | I. Agartz | J. Lönnqvist | J. Roffman | A. McIntosh | J. Mallet | R. Scott | A. Palotie | A. Metspalu | T. Esko | L. Milani | S. Karachanak-Yankova | D. Toncheva | P. Sklar | D. Blackwood | A. Corvin | C. Hultman | A. McQuillin | C. Pato | D. Ruderfer | D. Morris | C. O'Dushlaine | E. Scolnick | N. Williams | V. Milanova | J. Pimm | S. Thirumalai | D. Quested | D. Curtis | M. Pato | A. Fanous | J. Knowles | M. Fromer | P. Michie | Yunjung Kim | C. Pantelis | K. Kendler | D. Posthuma | L. Seidman | T. Stroup | D. Perkins | E. Stahl | D. Levinson | C. Schubert | J. Powell | M. Keller | I. Nenadić | G. Papadimitriou | Jianjun Liu | J. Karjalainen | P. Magnusson | T. Pers | J. Eriksson | L. Franke | J. Crowley | A. Pocklington | S. Bacanu | F. Henskens | C. Mcdonald | M. Davidson | R. Mesholam-Gately | T. Lencz | O. Mors | Wei Cheng | K. Murphy | J. Veijola | C. R. Cloninger | P. Mortensen | A. Børglum | D. Hougaard | H. Rasmussen | M. Mattheisen | E. Strengman | V. Golimbet | E. Jönsson | D. Campion | B. Müller-Myhsok | J. Lubiński | F. Dudbridge | B. Lerer | J. Kennedy | J. Goldstein | S. Ripke | Qingqin S. Li | H. Xi | J. Moran | D. St. Clair | B. Riley | T. Dinan | E. Parkhomenko | F. O’Neill | B. Webb | D. Walsh | C. Hammer | Miaoxin Li | E. Domenici | I. Myin-Germeys | J. van os | G. Nestadt | E. Drapeau | Kai-How Farh | B. Maher | J. Wendland | K. Sim | J. Szatkiewicz | B. Bulik-Sullivan | G. Genovese | L. Essioux | A. Jablensky | R. Chan | Phil H. Lee | M. Ikeda | G. Donohoe | M. Mattingsdal | Q. Wang | A. Reichenberg | M. Farrell | S. Lee | H. So | J. Duan | A. Sanders | M. Nelis | P. Gejman | P. Hoffmann | A. Darvasi | T. Petryshen | A. Pulver | A. Kähler | Sarah L Bergen | Stephanie Williams | P. Cormican | N. Durmishi | A. Richards | T. Silagadze | J. Walters | C. Laurent | B. Mowry | S. Schwab | D. Wildenauer | M. Albus | M. Alexander | D. Cohen | D. Dikeos | P. Eichhammer | S. Godard | M. Hansen | K. Liang | D. Nertney | J. Silverman | B. Wormley | L. Kalaydjieva | L. de Haan | D. Demontis | E. Agerbo | R. Belliveau | M. Hollegaard | Hailiang Huang | P. Roussos | F. Zimprich | D. Black | S. Papiol | H. Ehrenreich | Sang-Yun Oh | E. Chen | V. Escott-Price | Emily H. M. Wong | A. Khrunin | S. Limborska | D. Svrakic | A. Olincy | N. Carrera | S. Legge | M. Pejović-Milovančević | M. Macek | S. Witt | F. Degenhardt | S. Herms | V. Carr | C. Loughland | U. Schall | W. Byerley | M. Weiser | M. Begemann | M. Reimers | S. Meier | A. Julià | S. Marsal | Jimmy Lee | N. Iwata | Qiang Wang | J. Bene | V. Kučinskas | B. Melegh | J. Klovins | T. Bigdeli | P. Giusti-Rodríguez | E. Söderman | E. O'callaghan | E. Cheung | L. Nisenbaum | K. Nicodemus | R. Freedman | J. Strohmaier | H. Gurling | F. Amin | R. Bruggeman | N. Buccola | J. Frank | M. Friedl | L. Georgieva | B. Konte | L. Olsen | Elizabeth Bevilacqua | Guiqing Cai | S. Catts | K. Chambert | Ronald Y. L. Chan | S. Chong | Nadine Cohen | J. Del Favero | S. Gopal | J. Gratten | A. Hofman | I. Joa | D. Kavanagh | Z. Kučinskienė | Hana Kuzelova-Ptackova | C. Meijer | Y. Mokrab | L. Nikitina-Zake | A. Nordin | P. Slominsky | E. Stogmann | M. Subramaniam | Dai Wang | A. Wolen | C. Zai | Xue-bin Zheng | R. Adolfsson | J. Knight | S. H. Lee | E. Chen | S. Williams | C. O’Dushlaine | J. Kloviņš | K. Farh | J. Eriksson | C. Cloninger | Paola Giusti-Rodríguez | R. Murray | J. Eriksson | Annelie Nordin

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