State of the Climate in 2011

Editors note: For easy download the posted pdf of the State of the Climate for 2011 is a very low-resolution file. A high-resolution copy of the report is available by clicking here. Please be patient as it may take a few minutes for the high-resolution file to download. Supplemental figures and datasets are available here.

[1]  E. Meijgaard,et al.  Identification of Antarctic ablation areas using a regional atmospheric climate model , 2006 .

[2]  Clara Deser,et al.  Surface Climate Variations over the North Atlantic Ocean during Winter: 1900–1989 , 1993 .

[3]  Chun-Chieh Wu,et al.  Upper-Ocean Thermal Structure and the Western North Pacific Category 5 Typhoons. Part I: Ocean Features and the Category 5 Typhoons’ Intensification , 2008 .

[4]  N. Bindoff,et al.  Frontal movements and property fluxes: Contributions to heat and freshwater trends in the Southern Ocean , 2011 .

[5]  G. Hegerl,et al.  Detection of human influence on twentieth-century precipitation trends , 2007, Nature.

[6]  R. Hollister,et al.  Decadal variations of active-layer thickness in moisture-controlled landscapes, Barrow, Alaska , 2010 .

[7]  V. Magaña,et al.  Atmospheric forcing of the eastern tropical Pacific: A review , 2006 .

[8]  Donald C. Norquist,et al.  The Structure and Properties of African Wave Disturbances as Observed During Phase III of GATE , 1977 .

[9]  Matthew Rodell,et al.  An analysis of terrestrial water storage variations in Illinois with implications for the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) , 2001 .

[10]  Carsten Braun,et al.  Sharply increased mass loss from glaciers and ice caps in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago , 2011, Nature.

[11]  P. M. Lang,et al.  Reanalysis of tropospheric CO trends: Effects of the 1997–1998 wildfires , 2003 .

[12]  Ashish Sharma,et al.  A Comparison of Australian Open Water Body Evaporation Trends for Current and Future Climates Estimated from Class A Evaporation Pans and General Circulation Models , 2010 .

[13]  F. Hernandez,et al.  A mean dynamic topography computed over the world ocean from altimetry, in situ measurements, and a geoid model , 2004 .

[14]  Dan C. Collins,et al.  Linear trends in sea surface temperature of the tropical Pacific Ocean and implications for the El Niño-Southern Oscillation , 2013, Climate Dynamics.

[15]  S. Goetz,et al.  Estimated carbon dioxide emissions from tropical deforestation improved by carbon-density maps , 2012 .

[16]  M. Watkins,et al.  GRACE Measurements of Mass Variability in the Earth System , 2004, Science.

[17]  S. Vavrus,et al.  Factors Influencing Simulated Changes in Future Arctic Cloudiness , 2011 .

[18]  S. Hostetler Hydrological and Thermal Response of Lakes to Climate: Description and Modeling , 1995 .

[19]  R. Scharroo,et al.  Integrating Jason-2 into a Multiple-Altimeter Climate Data Record , 2010 .

[20]  Steven V. Kokelj,et al.  The environment and permafrost of the Mackenzie Delta area , 2009 .

[21]  N. Saji,et al.  Structure of SST and Surface Wind Variability during Indian Ocean Dipole Mode Events: COADS Observations* , 2003 .

[22]  R. Feely,et al.  Decadal changes in Pacific carbon , 2008 .

[23]  J. Janowiak,et al.  CAMS–OPI: A Global Satellite–Rain Gauge Merged Product for Real-Time Precipitation Monitoring Applications , 1999 .

[24]  T. Yamagata,et al.  Near-surface dynamical structure of the Kuroshio Extension , 2003 .

[25]  G. Kopp,et al.  A new, lower value of total solar irradiance: Evidence and climate significance , 2011 .

[26]  W. Wagner,et al.  Evaluation of the agreement between the first global remotely sensed soil moisture data with model and precipitation data , 2003 .

[27]  J. Daniel,et al.  A new formulation of equivalent effective stratospheric chlorine (EESC) , 2008 .

[28]  W. Paul Menzel,et al.  Global cloud cover trends inferred from two decades of HIRS observations , 2005, SPIE Asia-Pacific Remote Sensing.

[29]  J. Hansen,et al.  GLOBAL SURFACE TEMPERATURE CHANGE , 2010 .

[30]  Philippe Ciais,et al.  Update on CO2 emissions , 2010 .

[31]  D. Campbell,et al.  Temporal and spatial variation in active layer depth in the McMurdo Sound Region, Antarctica , 2009, Antarctic Science.

[32]  Raymond W. Schmitt,et al.  The global oceanic freshwater cycle : a state-of-the-art quantification , 2010 .

[33]  Robert A. Weller,et al.  Multidecade Global Flux Datasets from the Objectively Analyzed Air-sea Fluxes (OAFlux) Project: Latent and Sensible Heat Fluxes, Ocean Evaporation, and Related Surface Meteorological Variables , 2008 .

[34]  Lin Wu,et al.  Parameterizations of some important characteristics of turbulent fluctuations and gusty wind disturbances in the atmospheric boundary layer , 2012 .

[35]  T. Holmes,et al.  An analysis of spatiotemporal variations of soil and vegetation moisture from a 29‐year satellite‐derived data set over mainland Australia , 2009 .

[36]  Taro Takahashi,et al.  Carbon dioxide, hydrographic, and chemical data obtained during the R/V Akademik Ioffe cruise in the South Pacific Ocean (WOCE Section S4P, February--April 1992) , 1997 .

[37]  Minghua Zhang,et al.  Tropical Cold Point Tropopause Characteristics Derived from ECMWF Reanalyses and Soundings , 2001 .

[38]  R. Weiss,et al.  A history of chemically and radiatively important gases in air deduced from ALE/GAGE/AGAGE , 2000 .

[39]  R. Betts,et al.  Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing. Chapter 2 , 2007 .

[40]  C. S. Wong,et al.  Climatological mean and decadal change in surface ocean pCO2, and net seaair CO2 flux over the global oceans , 2009 .

[41]  J. Chan Tropical Cyclone Activity over the Western North Pacific Associated with El Niño and La Niña Events , 2000 .

[42]  S. Watanabe,et al.  Decadal increases of anthropogenic CO2 in the South Pacific subtropical ocean along 32°S , 2007 .

[43]  J. Burrows,et al.  IMPROVED SCIAMACHY WFDOAS TOTAL OZONE RETRIEVAL: STEPS TOWARDS HOMOGENISING LONG-TERM TOTAL OZONE DATASETS FROM GOME, SCIAMACHY, AND GOME2 , 2007 .

[44]  Jochen Harnisch,et al.  Natural CF4 and SF6 on Earth , 1998 .

[45]  Michel Fily,et al.  Variability and trends of the summer melt period of Antarctic ice margins since 1980 from microwave sensors , 2003 .

[46]  A. Cazenave,et al.  Sea level variations at tropical Pacific islands since 1950 , 2012 .

[47]  M. Heimann,et al.  Climate‐induced oceanic oxygen fluxes: Implications for the contemporary carbon budget , 2002 .

[48]  C. Duguay,et al.  The response and role of ice cover in lake-climate interactions , 2010 .

[49]  Jeff Knight,et al.  A signature of persistent natural thermohaline circulation cycles in observed climate , 2005 .

[50]  Thomas M. Smith,et al.  An Improved In Situ and Satellite SST Analysis for Climate , 2002 .

[51]  Julienne C. Stroeve,et al.  Development and validation of a snow albedo algorithm for the MODIS instrument , 2002, Annals of Glaciology.

[52]  Lee-Lueng Fu,et al.  Combining altimeter and subsurface float data to estimate the time‐averaged circulation in the upper ocean , 2008 .

[53]  Uang,et al.  The NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis , 2010 .

[54]  O. Phillips,et al.  An international network to monitor the structure, composition and dynamics of Amazonian forests (RAINFOR) , 2002 .

[55]  G. Johnson,et al.  Ocean Density Change Contributions to Sea Level Rise , 2011 .

[56]  Yi Y. Liu,et al.  Error characterisation of global active and passive microwave soil moisture datasets. , 2010 .

[57]  W. Wagner,et al.  Improving runoff prediction through the assimilation of the ASCAT soil moisture product , 2010 .

[58]  E. Carmack,et al.  Smallest Algae Thrive As the Arctic Ocean Freshens , 2009, Science.

[59]  Anny Cazenave,et al.  Regional and interannual variability in sea level over 2002–2009 based on satellite altimetry, Argo float data and GRACE ocean mass , 2010 .

[60]  Gregory C. Johnson,et al.  Warming of Global Abyssal and Deep Southern Ocean Waters between the 1990s and 2000s: Contributions to Global Heat and Sea Level Rise Budgets* , 2010 .

[61]  F. Wentz A well‐calibrated ocean algorithm for special sensor microwave / imager , 1997 .

[62]  Bryan A. Franz,et al.  Corrections to the Calibration of MODIS Aqua Ocean Color Bands Derived From SeaWiFS Data , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.

[63]  M. Mcphaden,et al.  The Relationship between Sea Surface Temperature and Latent Heat Flux in the Equatorial Pacific , 1995 .

[64]  E. Muñoz,et al.  The Intra-Americas Springtime Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly Dipole as Fingerprint of Remote Influences , 2010 .

[65]  Zhao-Liang Li,et al.  Validation of the land-surface temperature products retrieved from Terra Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer data , 2002 .

[66]  Edward N. Rappaport,et al.  THE DEADLIEST, COSTLIEST, AND MOST INTENSE UNITED STATES TROPICAL CYCLONES FROM 1851 TO 2004 (AND OTHER FREQUENTLY REQUESTED HURRICANE FACTS) , 2005 .

[67]  Gustavo Goni,et al.  Application of Oceanic Heat Content Estimation to Operational Forecasting of Recent Atlantic Category 5 Hurricanes , 2008 .

[68]  Daniel J. Vimont,et al.  A More General Framework for Understanding Atlantic Hurricane Variability and Trends , 2007 .

[69]  M. Broeke,et al.  Strong surface melting preceded collapse of Antarctic Peninsula ice shelf , 2005 .

[70]  W. Emery,et al.  A younger, thinner Arctic ice cover: Increased potential for rapid, extensive sea‐ice loss , 2007 .

[71]  B. Goswami,et al.  A dipole mode in the tropical Indian Ocean , 1999, Nature.

[72]  John A. Church,et al.  Changing Expendable Bathythermograph Fall Rates and Their Impact on Estimates of Thermosteric Sea Level Rise , 2008 .

[73]  R. Atlas,et al.  Impact of the Atlantic warm pool on United States landfalling hurricanes , 2011 .

[74]  Jinlun Zhang,et al.  Mechanisms of summertime upper Arctic Ocean warming and the effect on sea ice melt , 2010 .

[75]  Tannecia S. Stephenson,et al.  Toward the development of prediction models for the primary Caribbean dry season , 2008 .

[76]  J. Lyman Estimating Global Energy Flow from the Global Upper Ocean , 2012, Surveys in Geophysics.

[77]  Rowan Sutton,et al.  Climate Response to Basin-Scale Warming and Cooling of the North Atlantic Ocean , 2007 .

[78]  Andrew J. Monaghan,et al.  Modeling the ENSO Modulation of Antarctic Climate in the Late 1990s with the Polar MM5 , 2003 .

[79]  S. Bajracharya,et al.  Glaciers Shrinking in Nepal Himalaya , 2011 .

[80]  S. Levitus,et al.  Linear trends in salinity for the World Ocean, 1955–1998 , 2005 .

[81]  Greg Kopp,et al.  The Total Irradiance Monitor (TIM): Science Results , 2005 .

[82]  R. E. Hart,et al.  Estimating Local Memory of Tropical Cyclones through MPI Anomaly Evolution , 2007 .

[83]  W. Stahel,et al.  Evidence for the effectiveness of the Montreal Protocol to protect the ozone layer , 2010 .

[84]  J. Morison,et al.  Circulation of summer Pacific halocline water in the Arctic Ocean , 2004 .

[85]  R. Feely,et al.  Evidence for Upwelling of Corrosive "Acidified" Water onto the Continental Shelf , 2008, Science.

[86]  H. Bovensmann,et al.  Evolution of stratospheric ozone and water vapour time series studied with satellite measurements , 2009 .

[87]  D. Bromwich,et al.  Decadal Variability of the ENSO Teleconnection to the High-Latitude South Pacific Governed by Coupling with the Southern Annular Mode* , 2006 .

[88]  M. Meredith,et al.  Rapid climate change in the ocean west of the Antarctic Peninsula during the second half of the 20th century , 2005 .

[89]  B. Franz,et al.  Sensor-independent approach to the vicarious calibration of satellite ocean color radiometry. , 2007, Applied optics.

[90]  Gary T. Mitchum,et al.  Estimating Mean Sea Level Change from the TOPEX and Jason Altimeter Missions , 2010 .

[91]  T. Bolch,et al.  Multi-decadal mass loss of glaciers in the Everest area (Nepal Himalaya) derived from stereo imagery , 2011 .

[92]  Maria Hood,et al.  Surface-ocean CO2 variability and vulnerability , 2009 .

[93]  C. J. Neumann,et al.  The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): unifying tropical cyclone data. , 2010 .

[94]  G. Johnson,et al.  Decadal water mass variations along 20°W in the Northeastern Atlantic Ocean , 2007 .

[95]  Y. Masumoto,et al.  Interaction between El Niño and extreme Indian Ocean dipole. , 2010 .

[96]  Yoram J. Kaufman,et al.  Wind reduction by aerosol particles , 2006 .

[97]  Xuanji Wang,et al.  Recent Trends in Arctic Surface, Cloud, and Radiation Properties from Space , 2003, Science.

[98]  M. Küttel,et al.  Winter warming in West Antarctica caused by central tropical Pacific warming , 2011 .

[99]  D. King,et al.  Māori environmental knowledge and natural hazards in Aotearoa‐New Zealand , 2007 .

[100]  Clara Deser,et al.  Sea surface temperature variability: patterns and mechanisms. , 2010, Annual review of marine science.

[101]  Arun Kumar,et al.  Persistent Atmospheric and Oceanic Anomalies in the North Atlantic from Summer 2009 to Summer 2010 , 2011 .

[102]  Jeffrey G. Masek,et al.  Carbon consequences of forest disturbance and recovery across the conterminous United States , 2012 .

[103]  B. Liebmann,et al.  Description of a complete (interpolated) outgoing longwave radiation dataset , 1996 .

[104]  James W. Hurrell,et al.  The North Atlantic Oscillation: Past, present, and future , 2001, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[105]  C. Wunsch,et al.  The Global Zonally Integrated Ocean Circulation, 1992–2006: Seasonal and Decadal Variability , 2009 .

[106]  R. Vose,et al.  An Overview of the Global Historical Climatology Network Temperature Database , 1997 .

[107]  Ellis E. Remsberg,et al.  The Area of the Stratospheric Polar Vortex as a Diagnostic for Tracer Transport on an Isentropic Surface , 1986 .

[108]  D. Bromwich,et al.  ECMWF Analyses and Reanalyses Depiction of ENSO Signal in Antarctic Precipitation , 2000 .

[109]  T. Bolch,et al.  A glacier inventory for the western Nyainqentanglha Range and the Nam Co Basin, Tibet, and glacier changes 1976-2009 , 2010 .

[110]  Thomas C. Peterson,et al.  Radiosonde Atmospheric Temperature Products for Assessing Climate (RATPAC): A new data set of large‐area anomaly time series , 2005 .

[111]  S. Stammerjohn,et al.  Trends in Antarctic annual sea ice retreat and advance and their relation to El Niño–Southern Oscillation and Southern Annular Mode variability , 2008 .

[112]  Christopher J. Merchant,et al.  Surface water temperature observations of large lakes by optimal estimation , 2012 .

[113]  On the possible cause of recent increases in NH total ozone , 2005 .

[114]  K. Wyrtki An Estimate of Equatorial Upwelling in the Pacific , 1981 .

[115]  Simon J. Hook,et al.  Space observations of inland water bodies show rapid surface warming since 1985 , 2010 .

[116]  E. Muñoz,et al.  Seawater density variations in the North Atlantic and the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation , 2010 .

[117]  Jessica Blunden,et al.  State of the climate in 2010 , 2011 .

[118]  Derek M. Cunnold,et al.  Renewed growth of atmospheric methane , 2008 .

[119]  D. Wallace,et al.  Ventilation of the Arctic Ocean: Mean ages and inventories of anthropogenic CO2 and CFC‐11 , 2009 .

[120]  S. Häkkinen,et al.  Warm and Saline Events Embedded in the Meridional Circulation of the Northern North Atlantic , 2011 .

[121]  V. Ramanathan,et al.  Global and regional climate changes due to black carbon , 2008 .

[122]  P. Crutzen,et al.  Estimates of gross and net fluxes of carbon between the biosphere and the atmosphere from biomass burning , 1980 .

[123]  Paulo Nobre,et al.  Variations of Sea Surface Temperature, Wind Stress, and Rainfall over the Tropical Atlantic and South America. , 1996 .

[124]  Xiaoxiong Xiong,et al.  On-Orbit Calibration and Performance of Aqua MODIS Reflective Solar Bands , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.

[125]  J. Hurrell Decadal Trends in the North Atlantic Oscillation: Regional Temperatures and Precipitation , 1995, Science.

[126]  Shannon T. Brown,et al.  Assessment of the Jason-2 Extension to the TOPEX/Poseidon, Jason-1 Sea-Surface Height Time Series for Global Mean Sea Level Monitoring , 2010 .

[127]  Andrew Sturman,et al.  El Niño Southern Oscillation and Climatic Variability , 1998 .

[128]  E. Carmack,et al.  Changes to the near-surface waters in the Canada Basin, Arctic Ocean from 1993-2009 : a Basin in transition. , 2011 .

[129]  Piotr Wolski,et al.  Forecasting the spatial extent of the annual flood in the Okavango delta, Botswana , 2004 .

[130]  Andrew J. Monaghan,et al.  An Assessment of Precipitation Changes over Antarctica and the Southern Ocean since 1989 in Contemporary Global Reanalyses , 2011 .

[131]  Elizabeth C. Kent,et al.  ICOADS Release 2.5: extensions and enhancements to the surface marine meteorological archive , 2011 .

[132]  David G. Vaughan,et al.  Widespread Acceleration of Tidewater Glaciers on the Antarctic Peninsula , 2007 .

[133]  A. Kouraev,et al.  Observations of Lake Baikal ice from satellite altimetry and radiometry , 2007 .

[134]  Lisan Yu,et al.  A global relationship between the ocean water cycle and near-surface salinity , 2011 .

[135]  W. Collins,et al.  The NCEP–NCAR 50-Year Reanalysis: Monthly Means CD-ROM and Documentation , 2001 .

[136]  Thomas J. Jackson,et al.  Soil moisture retrieval from AMSR-E , 2003, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens..

[137]  Russell S. Vose,et al.  Overview of the Integrated Global Radiosonde Archive , 2006 .

[138]  U. Send,et al.  Observation of decadal change in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation using 10 years of continuous transport data , 2011 .

[139]  J. Harnisch,et al.  Natural fluorinated organics in fluorite and rocks , 2000 .

[140]  Daniel R. Cayan,et al.  Latent and sensible heat flux anomalies over the northern oceans : driving the sea surface temperature , 1992 .

[141]  S. Dong,et al.  Multidecadal Covariability of North Atlantic Sea Surface Temperature, African Dust, Sahel Rainfall, and Atlantic Hurricanes , 2012 .

[142]  D. Bromwich,et al.  Understanding the SAM influence on the South Pacific ENSO teleconnection , 2011 .

[143]  Banner I. Miller,et al.  ON THE MAXIMUM INTENSITY OF HURRICANES , 1958 .

[144]  Simon Yueh,et al.  Sea Surface Salinity and Wind Retrieval Using Combined Passive and Active L-Band Microwave Observations , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.

[145]  Guirui Yu,et al.  Regional drought-induced reduction in the biomass carbon sink of Canada's boreal forests , 2012, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[146]  C. Tucker,et al.  A new estimate of tundra-biome phytomass from trans-Arctic field data and AVHRR NDVI , 2012 .

[147]  Michael E. Mann,et al.  Observed and Simulated Multidecadal Variability in the Northern Hemisphere , 1999 .

[148]  Charles J Vörösmarty,et al.  Potential evaporation functions compared on US watersheds: Possible implications for global-scale water balance and terrestrial ecosystem modeling , 1998 .

[149]  J. Hurrell,et al.  The summer North Atlantic Oscillation: past, present, and future. , 2009 .

[150]  V. Kousky,et al.  Principal Modes of Outgoing Longwave Radiation and 250-mb Circulation for the South American Sector , 1994 .

[151]  A. J. Miller,et al.  Global and zonal total ozone variations estimated from ground‐based and satellite measurements: 1964–2000 , 2002 .

[152]  David Rind,et al.  Regions of rapid sea ice change: An inter‐hemispheric seasonal comparison , 2012 .

[153]  W. Tad Pfeffer,et al.  Recent contributions of glaciers and ice caps to sea level rise , 2012, Nature.

[154]  J. Oerlemans Quantifying Global Warming from the Retreat of Glaciers , 1994, Science.

[155]  Christopher W. Landsea,et al.  Influences of the Atlantic Warm Pool on Western Hemisphere Summer Rainfall and Atlantic Hurricanes , 2006 .

[156]  Jean-Noël Thépaut,et al.  Northern Hemisphere atmospheric stilling partly attributed to an increase in surface roughness , 2010 .

[157]  F. Wentz,et al.  How Much More Rain Will Global Warming Bring? , 2007, Science.

[158]  Tim R. McVicar,et al.  On the importance of including vegetation dynamics in Budyko's hydrological model , 2006 .

[159]  J. Canadell,et al.  Soil organic carbon pools in the northern circumpolar permafrost region , 2009 .

[160]  R. Knutti,et al.  Constraints on the transient climate response from observed global temperature and ocean heat uptake , 2008 .

[161]  A. Thompson,et al.  Interannual variability and trends in tropical ozone derived from SAGE II satellite data and SHADOZ ozonesondes , 2011 .

[162]  M. Salby,et al.  Rebound of Antarctic ozone , 2011 .

[163]  Andreas Kääb,et al.  Spatial variability of recent glacier area changes in the Tien Shan Mountains, Central Asia, using Corona (~ 1970), Landsat (~ 2000), and ALOS (~ 2007) satellite data , 2010 .

[164]  Ross D. Brown,et al.  Recent Northern Hemisphere snow cover extent trends and implications for the snow‐albedo feedback , 2007 .

[165]  Z. Wan New refinements and validation of the MODIS Land-Surface Temperature/Emissivity products , 2008 .

[166]  Mathew Barlow,et al.  Arctic warming, increasing snow cover and widespread boreal winter cooling , 2012 .

[167]  David W. J. Thompson,et al.  Interpretation of Recent Southern Hemisphere Climate Change , 2002, Science.

[168]  M. Andreae,et al.  Emission of trace gases and aerosols from biomass burning , 2001 .

[169]  Gary S. E. Lagerloef,et al.  Diagnostic Model and Analysis of the Surface Currents in the Tropical Pacific Ocean , 2002 .

[170]  Wouter Dorigo,et al.  [Global Climate] Soil Moisture in: State of the Climate in 2013 , 2014 .

[171]  Gregory C. Johnson,et al.  Robust warming of the global upper ocean , 2010, Nature.

[172]  M. Latif,et al.  Deep circulation and meridional overturning: Recent progress and strategy for sustained observations , 2010 .

[173]  M. Guglielmin,et al.  A permafrost warming in a cooling Antarctica? , 2012, Climatic Change.

[174]  T. McVicar,et al.  Wind speed climatology and trends for Australia, 1975–2006: Capturing the stilling phenomenon and comparison with near‐surface reanalysis output , 2008 .

[175]  Chunzai Wang,et al.  Co‐variability of tropical cyclones in the North Atlantic and the eastern North Pacific , 2009 .

[176]  V. Fabry,et al.  Ocean Acidification and Its Potential Effects on Marine Ecosystems , 2008, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[177]  M. Maltrud,et al.  Regional sea level trends due to a Pacific trade wind intensification , 2011 .

[178]  M. Shahgedanova,et al.  Glacier shrinkage and climatic change in the Russian Altai from the mid-20th century: An assessment using remote sensing and PRECIS regional climate model , 2010 .

[179]  Molly O. Baringer,et al.  Sixteen years of Florida Current Transport at 27° N , 2001 .

[180]  J. Severinghaus,et al.  Timing of abrupt climate change at the end of the Younger Dryas interval from thermally fractionated gases in polar ice , 1998, Nature.

[181]  Charles J Vörösmarty,et al.  The significance of local water resources captured in small reservoirs for crop production – A global-scale analysis , 2010 .

[182]  J. Willis Can in situ floats and satellite altimeters detect long‐term changes in Atlantic Ocean overturning? , 2010 .

[183]  R. Dickinson,et al.  Couplings between changes in the climate system and biogeochemistry , 2007 .

[184]  John Cappelen,et al.  DMI Monthly Climate Data Collection 1768-2008, Denmark, The Faroe Islands and Greenland , 2005 .

[185]  F. Wentz,et al.  Construction of the RSS V3.2 Lower-Tropospheric Temperature Dataset from the MSU and AMSU Microwave Sounders , 2009 .

[186]  Michael Steele,et al.  Arctic Ocean surface warming trends over the past 100 years , 2008 .

[187]  B. Timbal,et al.  A review of recent climate variability and climate change in southeastern Australia , 2008 .

[188]  M. Raphael A zonal wave 3 index for the Southern Hemisphere , 2004 .

[189]  S. Sarmiento,et al.  Coherence between atmospheric teleconnections and Mackenzie River Basin lake levels , 2011 .

[190]  David R. Doelling,et al.  Advances in Understanding Top-of-Atmosphere Radiation Variability from Satellite Observations , 2012, Surveys in Geophysics.

[191]  J. Turner,et al.  Antarctic climate change during the last 50 years , 2005 .

[192]  T. Shepherd,et al.  Seasonal persistence of midlatitude total ozone anomalies , 2003 .

[193]  S. Delwart,et al.  Radiometric calibration of MERIS , 2004, Remote Sensing.

[194]  W. Wagner,et al.  Initial soil moisture retrievals from the METOP‐A Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) , 2007 .

[195]  S. Rintoul,et al.  The response of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current to recent climate change , 2008 .

[196]  J. Kennedy,et al.  Improved Analyses of Changes and Uncertainties in Sea Surface Temperature Measured In Situ since the Mid-Nineteenth Century: The HadSST2 Dataset , 2006 .

[197]  Taro Takahashi,et al.  Convergence of atmospheric and North Atlantic carbon dioxide trends on multidecadal timescales , 2011 .

[198]  C. Reason,et al.  Protracted’ ENSO episodes and their impacts in the Indian Ocean region , 2003 .

[199]  H. Jay Zwally,et al.  Extent and duration of Antarctic surface melting , 1994, Journal of Glaciology.

[200]  C. Gautier,et al.  A Satellite-derived Climatology of the ITCZ , 1993 .

[201]  M. Rast,et al.  The ESA Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer MERIS a review of the instrument and its mission , 1999 .

[202]  R. Barthelmie,et al.  Wind speed trends over the contiguous United States , 2009 .

[203]  D. Enfield,et al.  Impact of the Atlantic Warm Pool on the Summer Climate of the Western Hemisphere , 2006 .

[204]  Russ E. Davis,et al.  Water-following characteristics of a mixed layer drifter , 1987 .

[205]  Terry V. Callaghan,et al.  A new climate era in the sub‐Arctic: Accelerating climate changes and multiple impacts , 2010 .

[206]  Jochen Harnisch,et al.  Tropospheric trends for CF4 and C2F6 since 1982 derived from SF6 dated stratospheric air , 1996 .

[207]  D. Bromwich,et al.  Precipitation Changes in High Southern Latitudes from Global Reanalyses: A Cautionary Tale , 2011 .

[208]  Gustavo Goni,et al.  Effects of a Warm Oceanic Feature on Hurricane Opal , 2000 .

[209]  S. Zebiak Oceanic heat content variability and El Nino cycles , 1989 .

[210]  S. McCallum,et al.  Stability of the Larsen B ice shelf on the Antarctic Peninsula during the Holocene epoch , 2005, Nature.

[211]  Gaku Kudo,et al.  Global assessment of experimental climate warming on tundra vegetation: heterogeneity over space and time. , 2012, Ecology letters.

[212]  Chidong Zhang,et al.  SST Anomalies of ENSO and the Madden–Julian Oscillation in the Equatorial Pacific* , 2002 .

[213]  W. Steinbrecht,et al.  Very high ozone columns at northern mid‐latitudes in 2010 , 2011 .

[214]  E. Davidson The contribution of manure and fertilizer nitrogen to atmospheric nitrous oxide since 1860 , 2009 .

[215]  Molly O. Baringer,et al.  State of the Climate in 2009 , 2010 .

[216]  J. Graham Cogley,et al.  Extreme melt on Canada's Arctic ice caps in the 21st century , 2011 .

[217]  F. Joos,et al.  Imminent ocean acidification in the Arctic projected with the NCAR global coupled carbon cycle-climate model , 2009 .

[218]  David Durham,et al.  Aquarius/SAC-D mission , 2008, Remote Sensing.

[219]  M. Huddleston,et al.  Quality control of ocean temperature and salinity profiles — Historical and real-time data , 2007 .

[220]  Chris Derksen,et al.  Estimating northern hemisphere snow water equivalent for climate research through assimilation of space-borne radiometer data and ground-based measurements , 2011 .

[221]  W. R. Peltier,et al.  Secular sea level change in the Russian sector of the Arctic Ocean , 2004 .

[222]  J. Wallace,et al.  A Pacific Interdecadal Climate Oscillation with Impacts on Salmon Production , 1997 .

[223]  P. R. Julian,et al.  Detection of a 40–50 Day Oscillation in the Zonal Wind in the Tropical Pacific , 1971 .

[224]  Melisa Menéndez,et al.  Changes in extreme high water levels based on a quasi‐global tide‐gauge data set , 2010 .

[225]  Janet W. Campbell,et al.  The lognormal distribution as a model for bio‐optical variability in the sea , 1995 .

[226]  Ngar-Cheung Lau,et al.  Remote Sea Surface Temperature Variations during ENSO: Evidence for a Tropical Atmospheric Bridge , 1999 .

[227]  S. Wijffels,et al.  Fifty-Year Trends in Global Ocean Salinities and Their Relationship to Broad-Scale Warming , 2010 .

[228]  Elizabeth C. Kent,et al.  Global analyses of sea surface temperature, sea ice, and night marine air temperature since the late nineteenth century , 2003 .

[229]  Paul Wassmann,et al.  Arctic marine ecosystems in an era of rapid climate change , 2011 .

[230]  Jeffrey R. Key,et al.  Influence of changes in sea ice concentration and cloud cover on recent Arctic surface temperature trends , 2009 .

[231]  J. Molinari,et al.  MJO and Tropical Cyclogenesis in the Gulf of Mexico and Eastern Pacific: Case Study and Idealized Numerical Modeling , 2008 .

[232]  Suzana J. Camargo,et al.  The seasonally-varying influence of ENSO on rainfall and tropical cyclone activity in the Philippines , 2009 .

[233]  Marco Tedesco,et al.  Snowmelt detection over the Greenland ice sheet from SSM/I brightness temperature daily variations , 2007 .

[234]  Éva Mekis,et al.  An Overview of the Second Generation Adjusted Daily Precipitation Dataset for Trend Analysis in Canada , 2011, Data, Models and Analysis.

[235]  U. Lohmann,et al.  Global indirect aerosol effects: a review , 2004 .

[236]  Marvin L. Johnson,et al.  Two circulation regimes of the wind-driven Arctic Ocean , 1997 .

[237]  Ricardo García-Herrera,et al.  The Hot Summer of 2010: Redrawing the Temperature Record Map of Europe , 2011, Science.

[238]  Albert I. J. M. van Dijk,et al.  TRMM‐TMI satellite observed soil moisture and vegetation density (1998–2005) show strong connection with El Niño in eastern Australia , 2007 .

[239]  Peter W. Thorne,et al.  Recent Changes in Surface Humidity: Development of the HadCRUH Dataset , 2008 .

[240]  Richard S. Stolarski,et al.  Search for evidence of trend slow-down in the long-term TOMS/SBUV total ozone data record: the importance of instrument drift uncertainty and fingerprint detection , 2006 .

[241]  T. Delworth,et al.  Oceanic forcing of the late 20th century Sahel drought , 2005 .

[242]  Suzana J. Camargo,et al.  Climate Modulation of North Atlantic Hurricane Tracks , 2010 .

[243]  Haifeng Qian,et al.  Construction of Stratospheric Temperature Data Records from Stratospheric Sounding Units , 2012 .

[244]  P. Xie,et al.  Global Precipitation: A 17-Year Monthly Analysis Based on Gauge Observations, Satellite Estimates, and Numerical Model Outputs , 1997 .

[245]  V. M. Tiwari,et al.  Dwindling groundwater resources in northern India, from satellite gravity observations , 2009 .

[246]  M. Lefsky A global forest canopy height map from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer and the Geoscience Laser Altimeter System , 2010 .

[247]  William Sweet,et al.  Elevated east coast sea level anomaly : June-July 2009 , 2009 .

[248]  T. Delworth,et al.  Can the Atlantic Ocean drive the observed multidecadal variability in Northern Hemisphere mean temperature? , 2007 .

[249]  E. Jáuregui Climatology of landfalling hurricanes and tropical storms in Mexico , 2003 .

[250]  D. Kratz,et al.  Fast Longwave and Shortwave Radiative Flux (FLASHFlux) Products from CERES and MODIS Measurements , 2006 .

[251]  B. Brasnett,et al.  A Global Analysis of Snow Depth for Numerical Weather Prediction , 1999 .

[252]  X. Fettweis,et al.  Greenland [in "State of the Climate in 2010"] , 2009 .

[253]  Gary T. Mitchum,et al.  Variations in global mean sea level associated with the 1997–1998 ENSO event: Implications for measuring long term sea level change , 1999 .

[254]  Craig E. Tweedie,et al.  Multi-Decadal Changes in Tundra Environments and Ecosystems: Synthesis of the International Polar Year-Back to the Future Project (IPY-BTF) , 2011, AMBIO.

[255]  M. Guglielmin,et al.  Permafrost thermal regime from two 30‐m deep boreholes in southern victoria land, antarctica , 2011 .

[256]  Kerry A. Emanuel,et al.  Use of a Genesis Potential Index to Diagnose ENSO Effects on Tropical Cyclone Genesis , 2007 .

[257]  Roger G. Barry,et al.  Glacier monitoring within the Global Climate Observing System* , 2000, Annals of Glaciology.

[258]  M. Merrifield A Shift in Western Tropical Pacific Sea Level Trends during the 1990s , 2011 .

[259]  Swadhin K. Behera,et al.  El Niño Modoki and its possible teleconnection , 2007 .

[260]  Hongjie Xie,et al.  Water level variation of Lake Qinghai from satellite and in situ measurements under climate change , 2011 .

[261]  A. Hauchecorne,et al.  Ozone and temperature trends in the upper stratosphere at five stations of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change , 2009 .

[262]  M. Wheeler,et al.  An All-Season Real-Time Multivariate MJO Index: Development of an Index for Monitoring and Prediction , 2004 .

[263]  J. Schnoor Ocean acidification. , 2013, Environmental science & technology.

[264]  E. Blake Tropical cyclones of the eastern North Pacific Basin, 1949-2006 , 2008 .

[265]  D. Bromwich,et al.  A tropospheric assessment of the ERA‐40, NCEP, and JRA‐25 global reanalyses in the polar regions , 2007 .

[266]  Jeffrey R. Key,et al.  A cloudier Arctic expected with diminishing sea ice , 2012 .

[267]  G. Marshall Trends in the Southern Annular Mode from Observations and Reanalyses , 2003 .

[268]  P. B. Duffy,et al.  Anthropogenic carbon and ocean pH , 2001 .

[269]  Swadhin K. Behera,et al.  Successful prediction of the consecutive IOD in 2006 and 2007 , 2008 .

[270]  P. Jones,et al.  Uncertainty estimates in regional and global observed temperature changes: A new data set from 1850 , 2006 .

[271]  M. Schmeits,et al.  Responsible Editor: Tal Ezer , 2005 .

[272]  M. Phillips,et al.  Analysis of ground temperature trends in Alpine permafrost using generalized least squares , 2010 .

[273]  A. Shmakin,et al.  The influence of seasonal climatic parameters on the permafrost thermal regime, West Siberia, Russia , 2009 .

[274]  A. Körtzinger,et al.  High anthropogenic carbon content in the eastern Mediterranean , 2010 .

[275]  E. Carmack,et al.  Identification, characterization, and change of the near-surface temperature maximum in the Canada Basin, 1993-2008 , 2010 .

[276]  Philippe Ciais,et al.  Source attribution of the changes in atmospheric methane for 2006–2008 , 2010 .

[277]  Swadhin K. Behera,et al.  A CGCM Study on the Interaction between IOD and ENSO , 2006 .

[278]  C. Schreck Global Tropical Cyclone Climatology using IBTrACS , 2012 .

[279]  L. A. Rasmussen,et al.  Glossary of glacier mass balance and related terms , 2010 .

[280]  M. Tedesco,et al.  An updated Antarctic melt record through 2009 and its linkages to high‐latitude and tropical climate variability , 2009 .

[281]  Adriano Camps,et al.  The determination of surface salinity with the European SMOS space mission , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.

[282]  J. Marotzke,et al.  Monitoring the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation , 2011 .

[283]  E. S. Melnikov,et al.  Circum-Arctic map of permafrost and ground-ice conditions , 1997 .

[284]  M. Pitts,et al.  CALIPSO polar stratospheric cloud observations: second-generation detection algorithm and composition discrimination , 2009 .

[285]  M. Mcphaden,et al.  Observed correlation of surface salinity, temperature and barrier layer at the eastern edge of the western Pacific warm pool , 2006 .

[286]  J. Willis,et al.  Interannual variability in upper ocean heat content, temperature, and thermosteric expansion on global scales , 2004 .

[287]  M. Meybeck,et al.  Mountains of the world, water towers for humanity: Typology, mapping, and global significance , 2007 .

[288]  Ketil Isaksen,et al.  Recent warming of mountain permafrost in Svalbard and Scandinavia , 2007 .

[289]  B. A. Bodhaine,et al.  Seasonal variations in aerosols and atmospheric transmission at Mauna Loa Observatory , 1981 .

[290]  N. Untersteiner,et al.  Environmental Working Group Joint U.S.-Russian Atlas of the Arctic Ocean , 1997 .

[291]  Simon Yueh,et al.  Passive and Active L-Band Microwave Observations and Modeling of Ocean Surface Winds , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.

[292]  David A. Robinson,et al.  Northern Hemisphere spring snow cover variability and change over 1922–2010 including an assessment of uncertainty , 2010 .

[293]  Deborah K. Smith,et al.  A Cross-calibrated, Multiplatform Ocean Surface Wind Velocity Product for Meteorological and Oceanographic Applications , 2011 .

[294]  S. Power,et al.  Inter-decadal modulation of the impact of ENSO on Australia , 1999 .

[295]  J. Oerlemans,et al.  Surface mass-balance observations and automatic weather station data along a transect near Kangerlussuaq, West Greenland , 2005, Annals of Glaciology.

[296]  Matthew C. Wheeler,et al.  Convectively Coupled Equatorial Waves: Analysis of Clouds and Temperature in the Wavenumber–Frequency Domain , 1999 .

[297]  P. Wheeler,et al.  Oxygen production and carbon sequestration in an upwelling coastal margin , 2006 .

[298]  K. Arrigo,et al.  Secular trends in Arctic Ocean net primary production , 2011 .

[299]  Miguel Ramos,et al.  Thermal state of permafrost and active‐layer monitoring in the antarctic: Advances during the international polar year 2007–2009 , 2010 .

[300]  R. Evans,et al.  Bridging ocean color observations of the 1980s and 2000s in search of long-term trends , 2005 .

[301]  C. J. Neumann Tropical cyclones of the North Atlantic Ocean, 1871-1986. , 1987 .

[302]  M. Phillips,et al.  Rapid degradation of ground ice in a ventilated talus slope: Flüela Pass, Swiss Alps , 2009 .

[303]  S. Doney,et al.  Detecting anthropogenic CO2 changes in the interior Atlantic Ocean between 1989 and 2005 , 2010 .

[304]  R. Allan,et al.  A new globally complete monthly historical gridded mean sea level pressure dataset (HadSLP2): 1850-2004 , 2006 .

[305]  William J. Collins,et al.  Possible role of wetlands, permafrost, and methane hydrates in the methane cycle under future climate change: A review , 2010 .

[306]  Y. Kaufman,et al.  Retrieval of biomass combustion rates and totals from fire radiative power observations: FRP derivation and calibration relationships between biomass consumption and fire radiative energy release , 2005 .

[307]  M. R. van den Broeke,et al.  Changes in Antarctic temperature, wind and precipitation in response to the Antarctic Oscillation , 2004, Annals of Glaciology.

[308]  Bryan A. Franz,et al.  Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer on Terra: limitations for ocean color applications , 2008 .

[309]  R. McTaggart,et al.  Climatology of Tropical Cyclogenesis in the North Atlantic (1948–2004) , 2008 .

[310]  Margareta Johansson,et al.  Thawing permafrost and thicker active layers in sub‐arctic Sweden , 2008 .

[311]  C. Vörösmarty,et al.  Reconstructing 20 th century global hydrography : a contribution to the Global Terrestrial Network-Hydrology ( GTN-H ) , 2010 .

[312]  Libo Wang,et al.  A multi‐data set analysis of variability and change in Arctic spring snow cover extent, 1967–2008 , 2010 .

[313]  C. Thorncroft,et al.  Convectively Coupled Kelvin Waves over Tropical Africa during the Boreal Summer: Structure and Variability , 2008 .

[314]  J. Wahr,et al.  Measurements of Time-Variable Gravity Show Mass Loss in Antarctica , 2006, Science.

[315]  R. Trigo,et al.  Climate impact of the European winter blocking episodes from the NCEP/NCAR Reanalyses , 2004 .

[316]  N. A. Hughes Global Cloud Climatologies: A Historical Review , 1984 .