Development of a Representative EV Urban Driving Cycle Based on a k-Means and SVM Hybrid Clustering Algorithm

This paper proposes a scientific and systematic methodology for the development of a representative electric vehicle (EV) urban driving cycle. The methodology mainly includes three tasks: test route selection and data collection, data processing, and driving cycle construction. A test route is designed according to the overall topological structure of the urban roads and traffic flow survey results. The driving pattern data are collected using a hybrid method of on-board measurement method and chase car method. Principal component analysis (PCA) is used to reduce the dimensionality of the characteristic parameters. The driving segments are classified using a hybrid k-means and support vector machine (SVM) clustering algorithm. Scientific assessment criteria are studied to select the most representative driving cycle from multiple candidate driving cycles. Finally, the characteristic parameters of the Xi’an EV urban driving cycle, international standard driving cycles, and other city driving cycles are compared and analyzed. The results indicate that the Xi’an EV urban driving cycle reflects more aggressive driving characteristics than the other cycles.

[1]  Biagio Ciuffo,et al.  Development of the World-wide harmonized Light duty Test Cycle (WLTC) and a possible pathway for its introduction in the European legislation , 2015 .

[2]  Michael O. Harpster,et al.  The Electrification of the Automobile: From Conventional Hybrid, to Plug-in Hybrids, to Extended-Range Electric Vehicles , 2008 .

[3]  Keith J. Burnham,et al.  Regenerative braking strategies, vehicle safety and stability control systems: critical use-case proposals , 2013 .

[4]  M. Ouyang,et al.  Approximate Pontryagin’s minimum principle applied to the energy management of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles , 2014 .

[5]  Tom V. Mathew,et al.  Development of real-world driving cycle: Case study of Pune, India , 2009 .

[6]  Nicolas Bernard,et al.  Design Optimization with Flux Weakening of High-Speed PMSM for Electrical Vehicle Considering the Driving Cycle , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[7]  Hongwen He,et al.  An energy management strategy based on stochastic model predictive control for plug-in hybrid electric buses , 2017 .

[8]  Xuan Zhao,et al.  Research on an equal power allocation electronic differential system for electric vehicle with dual-wheeled-motor front drive based on a wavelet controller , 2018 .

[9]  Hongwen He,et al.  Freeway Driving Cycle Construction Based on Real-Time Traffic Information and Global Optimal Energy Management for Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles , 2017 .

[10]  Yan Zhang,et al.  Research on Markov Property Analysis of Driving Cycle , 2013 .

[11]  Ryan Smith,et al.  Characterization of urban commuter driving profiles to optimize battery size in light-duty plug-in electric vehicles , 2011 .

[12]  Abbas Fotouhi,et al.  Tehran driving cycle development using the k-means clustering method , 2013 .

[13]  Hong Huo,et al.  Characterization of vehicle driving patterns and development of driving cycles in Chinese cities , 2008 .

[14]  Yiik Diew Wong,et al.  Developing Singapore Driving Cycle for passenger cars to estimate fuel consumption and vehicular emissions , 2014 .

[15]  Lifang Wang,et al.  Study on Requirements for Load Emulation of the Vehicle With an Electric Braking System , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[16]  Margaret O'Mahony,et al.  Development of a driving cycle to evaluate the energy economy of electric vehicles in urban areas , 2016 .

[17]  Abdul-Ghani Olabi,et al.  Driving cycle developments and their impacts on energy consumption of transportation , 2016 .

[18]  Kada Hartani,et al.  Electronic Differential with Direct Torque Fuzzy Control for Vehicle Propulsion System , 2009 .

[19]  Kevin W. Boyack,et al.  Cluster stability and the use of noise in interpretation of clustering , 2001, IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization, 2001. INFOVIS 2001..

[20]  Yuehui Peng,et al.  Development of a representative driving cycle for urban buses based on the K-means cluster method , 2018, Cluster Computing.

[21]  Patrice Seers,et al.  Development of two driving cycles for utility vehicles , 2015 .

[22]  J. Nadeau,et al.  Implementation of a Cooperative Strategy between a Vehicle's Mechanical and Regenerative Brake System , 2014, 2014 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC).

[23]  C. P. Lee,et al.  Development of a practical driving cycle construction methodology: A case study in Hong Kong , 2007 .

[24]  Xu Chao,et al.  Statistical inference-based research on sampling time of vehicle driving cycle experiments , 2017 .

[25]  J. A. López del Val,et al.  Principal Components Analysis , 2018, Applied Univariate, Bivariate, and Multivariate Statistics Using Python.

[26]  Edward K. Nam,et al.  Impact of Real-World Drive Cycles on PHEV Battery Requirements , 2009 .

[27]  Bin Jiao,et al.  Optimal Energy Management Strategy of a Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Based on a Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm , 2015 .

[28]  Shuo Zhang,et al.  Pontryagin’s Minimum Principle-based power management of a dual-motor-driven electric bus , 2015 .

[29]  William M. Rand,et al.  Objective Criteria for the Evaluation of Clustering Methods , 1971 .

[30]  Shai Ben-David,et al.  Relating Clustering Stability to Properties of Cluster Boundaries , 2008, COLT.

[31]  Justin D.K. Bishop,et al.  A robust, data-driven methodology for real-world driving cycle development , 2012 .

[32]  Haobin Jiang,et al.  A Comparative Study of Clustering Analysis Method for Driver’s Steering Intention Classification and Identification under Different Typical Conditions , 2017 .

[33]  J. Díaz,et al.  A new methodology to determine typical driving cycles for the design of vehicles power trains , 2018 .

[34]  Ulrike von Luxburg,et al.  Clustering Stability: An Overview , 2010, Found. Trends Mach. Learn..

[35]  Corinna Cortes,et al.  Support-Vector Networks , 1995, Machine Learning.

[36]  Camille Roth,et al.  Natural Scales in Geographical Patterns , 2017, Scientific Reports.

[37]  T. Wenzel,et al.  Big data driven dynamic driving cycle development for busses in urban public transportation , 2017 .

[38]  Chunting Chris Mi,et al.  A novel energy management method for series plug-in hybrid electric vehicles , 2015 .

[39]  Kevin Cullinane,et al.  The estimation of a driving cycle for Celje and a comparison to other European cities , 2014 .

[40]  Edoardo M. Airoldi,et al.  A Survey of Statistical Network Models , 2009, Found. Trends Mach. Learn..

[41]  Javier E. Pereda,et al.  A Methodology to Obtain a Synthetic Driving Cycle through GPS Data for Energy Analysis , 2015, 2015 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC).

[42]  Cristina Olaverri-Monreal,et al.  How Electric Vehicles Affect Driving Behavioral Patterns , 2014, IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine.

[43]  Tariq Muneer,et al.  The measurement of vehicular driving cycle within the city of Edinburgh. , 2001 .

[44]  Shuo Zhang,et al.  Adaptive energy management of a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle based on driving pattern recognition and dynamic programming , 2015 .

[45]  Thomas Bräunl,et al.  Driving electric vehicles at highway speeds: The effect of higher driving speeds on energy consumption and driving range for electric vehicles in Australia , 2016 .

[46]  H. Y. Tong,et al.  A Framework for Developing Driving Cycles with On‐Road Driving Data , 2010 .

[47]  Iman Aghayan,et al.  Development of Mashhad driving cycle for passenger car to model vehicle exhaust emissions calibrated using on-board measurements , 2018 .

[48]  Brahim Gasbaoui,et al.  A Novel 4WD Electric Vehicle Control Strategy Based on Direct Torque Control Space Vector Modulation Technique , 2012 .

[49]  Hiroshi Fujimoto,et al.  Driving Force Distribution and Control for EV With Four In-Wheel Motors: A Case Study of Acceleration on Split-Friction Surfaces , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[50]  Shai Ben-David,et al.  Stability of k -Means Clustering , 2007, COLT.

[51]  S. M. Shiva Nagendra,et al.  Development of driving cycles for passenger cars and motorcycles in Chennai, India , 2017 .

[52]  S. Bandara,et al.  Development of a driving cycle for Colombo, Sri Lanka: an economical approach for developing countries , 2016 .

[53]  Marco Pierini,et al.  Development of driving cycles for electric vehicles in the context of the city of Florence , 2016 .