Quantitative analysis of toxic metals lead and cadmium in water jet by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy.

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has been applied to the analysis of toxic metals Pb and Cd in Pb(NO3)2 and Cd(NO3)2.4H2O aqueous solutions, respectively. The plasma is generated by focusing a nanosecond Nd:YAG (λ=1064 nm) laser on the surface of liquid in the homemade liquid jet configuration. With an assumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE), calibration curves of Pb and Cd were obtained at different delay times between 1 to 5 μs. The temporal behavior of limit of detections (LOD) was investigated and it is shown that the minimum LODs for Pb and Cd are 4 and 68 parts in 10(6) (ppm), respectively. In order to demonstrate the correctness of the LTE assumption, plasma parameters including plasma temperature and electron density are evaluated, and it is shown that the LTE condition is satisfied at all delay times.

[1]  K. Laqua,et al.  The application of an argon/nitrogen inductively-coupled plasma to the analysis of organic solutions. , 1981, Talanta.

[2]  E. Guinat.  Spectrometric oil analysis: Atomic emission spectrometric analysis of wear metals in lube oils by RDE method , 1985 .

[3]  L. J. Radziemski,et al.  Review of Selected Analytical Applications of Laser Plasmas and Laser Ablation, 1987-1994 , 1994 .

[4]  Pavel Yaroshchyk,et al.  Quantitative determination of wear metals in engine oils using LIBS: The use of paper substrates and a comparison between single- and double-pulse LIBS , 2005 .

[5]  Jianrong Chen,et al.  Determination of cobalt and nickel in water samples by flame atomic absorption spectrometry after cloud point extraction , 2001 .

[6]  H. Palacios,et al.  Lead poisoning of horses in the vicinity of a battery recycling plant. , 2002, The Science of the total environment.

[7]  J. Cabon.  Determination of Cd and Pb in seawater by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with the use of hydrofluoric acid as a chemical modifier , 2002 .

[8]  D. Il'yasova,et al.  Cadmium and renal cancer. , 2005, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

[9]  Z. Cui,et al.  Investigation of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of a liquid jet , 2010 .

[10]  Reinhard Niessner,et al.  Analysis of glass and glass melts during the vitrification process of fly and bottom ashes by laser-induced plasma spectroscopy. Part I: Normalization and plasma diagnostics , 1998 .

[11]  H. Teranishi,et al.  Hypoproduction of erythropoietin contributes to anemia in chronic cadmium intoxication: clinical study on Itai-itai disease in Japan , 2011, Archives of Toxicology.

[12]  L. P. Eksperiandova,et al.  Determination of small quantities of heavy metals in water-soluble salts and natural water by X-ray fluorescence , 1998 .

[13]  Reinhard Noll,et al.  Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of gas mixtures of air, CO2, N2, and C3H8 for simultaneous C, H, O, and N measurement. , 2003, Applied optics.

[14]  M. Barciela-Alonso,et al.  Determination of trace metals in natural waters by flame atomic absorption spectrometry following on-line ion-exchange preconcentration , 1995 .

[15]  Paolo Cielo,et al.  Quantitative Analysis of Aluminum Alloys by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy and Plasma Characterization , 1995 .

[16]  M. Harith,et al.  Panoramic laser-induced breakdown spectrometry of water , 2002 .

[17]  Frank C De Lucia,et al.  Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for the classification of unknown powders. , 2008, Applied optics.

[18]  J. Pender,et al.  Speciation of Chromium via Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy of Ion Exchange Polymer Membranes , 2005, Applied spectroscopy.

[19]  Vincenzo Palleschi,et al.  Trace Element Analysis in Water by the Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Technique , 1997 .

[20]  Y. Lu,et al.  Detection of uranium in solids by using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy combined with laser-induced fluorescence. , 2008, Applied optics.

[21]  S. R. Goode,et al.  Analysis of Aqueous Solutions by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy of Ion Exchange Membranes , 2002 .

[22]  M. D. de Broe,et al.  Health impact of renal disease due to nephrotoxicity. , 1989, Toxicology letters.

[23]  S. Sadasivan,et al.  Blood lead and its effect on Cd, Cu, Zn, Fe and hemoglobin levels of children. , 2001, The Science of the total environment.

[24]  M. Leret,et al.  Study of the neurochemical alterations produced in discrete brain areas by perinatal low-level lead exposure. , 2000, Life sciences.

[25]  J. O. Cáceres,et al.  Quantitative analysis of trace metal ions in ice using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy , 2001 .

[26]  I. Al-Saleh,et al.  Exposure to heavy metals (lead, cadmium and mercury) and its effect on the outcome of in-vitro fertilization treatment. , 2008, International journal of hygiene and environmental health.

[27]  Helen Wake.  Oil refineries: a review of their ecological impacts on the aquatic environment , 2005 .

[28]  S. Dudka,et al.  Trace metal contamination of soils and crop plants by the mining and smelting industry in Upper Silesia, South Poland , 1995 .

[29]  S. Tong,et al.  [Environmental lead exposure: a public health problem with global dimensions]. , 2000, Servir.

[30]  K. Loebe,et al.  Microanalysis of tool steel and glass with laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. , 2003, Applied optics.

[31]  Cristian A. D'Angelo,et al.  Analysis of heavy metals in liquids using Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy by liquid-to-solid matrix conversion , 2006 .

[32]  A. W. Morris.  The simultaneous determination of vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper and zinc in sea water by x-ray fluorescence sectrometry , 1968 .

[33]  C. Ng,et al.  Spectrochemical Analysis of Liquids Using Laser-Induced Plasma Emissions: Effects of Laser Wavelength , 1997 .

[34]  Zhijian Chen,et al.  Fast and sensitive trace metal analysis in aqueous solutions by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy using wood slice substrates , 2008 .

[35]  Sergei V. Kukhlevsky,et al.  Application of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy to in situ analysis of liquid samples , 2000 .

[36]  Leon J. Radziemski,et al.  Detection of chlorine and fluorine in air by laser-induced breakdown spectrometry , 1983 .

[37]  A. Roisenberg,et al.  The effect of emissions of fertilizer production on the environment contamination by cadmium and arsenic in southern Brazil. , 2006, Environmental pollution.

[38]  Andrew Turner,et al.  Marine pollution from antifouling paint particles. , 2010, Marine pollution bulletin.

[39]  Mohamad Sabsabi,et al.  Rapid analysis of liquid formulations containing sodium chloride using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. , 2004, Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis.

[40]  R. L. Vander Wal,et al.  Trace Metal Detection by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy , 1999 .

[41]  M. Kampa,et al.  Human health effects of air pollution. , 2008, Environmental pollution.

[42]  D. Cremers,et al.  Spectrochemical Analysis of Liquids Using the Laser Spark , 1984 .

[43]  J. Schneider,et al.  Lead neurotoxicity in children: basic mechanisms and clinical correlates. , 2003, Brain : a journal of neurology.