Magnetic resonance diffusion imaging of the human cervical spinal cord in vivo

Knowledge of water diffusion characteristics within the human spinal cord may provide important information about the structural nature of spinal cord pathology. However, the sensitivity of diffusion imaging methods to motion and the requirement for high in‐plane resolution has hitherto restricted study of spinal cord diffusion to excised samples. The first diffusion images of the human cervical spinal cord in vivo are presented using a navigated pulsed‐gradient spin‐echo sequence. Anisotropic diffusion in the cord is demonstrated in agreement with in vitro studies, and further development of the technique for clinical studies is discussed. Magn Reson Med 41:1269–1273, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

[1]  J. E. Tanner,et al.  Spin diffusion measurements : spin echoes in the presence of a time-dependent field gradient , 1965 .

[2]  P. Grenier,et al.  MR imaging of intravoxel incoherent motions: application to diffusion and perfusion in neurologic disorders. , 1986, Radiology.

[3]  Bruce R. Rosen,et al.  MR Diffusion Imaging of the Human Brain , 1990, Journal of computer assisted tomography.

[4]  J. Tsuruda,et al.  Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of anisotropic water diffusion in cat central nervous system. , 1990, Radiology.

[5]  J. Pearlman,et al.  CSF‐suppressed quantitative single‐shot diffusion imaging , 1991, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[6]  N J Pelc,et al.  Normal flow patterns of intracranial and spinal cerebrospinal fluid defined with phase-contrast cine MR imaging. , 1991, Radiology.

[7]  Wei Li,et al.  Fast magnetic resonance diffusion‐weighted imaging of acute human stroke , 1992, Neurology.

[8]  C. Thomsen,et al.  In vivo magnetic resonance diffusion measurement in the brain of patients with multiple sclerosis. , 1992, Magnetic resonance imaging.

[9]  C A Cuenod,et al.  Temperature changes induced in human muscle by radio-frequency H-1 decoupling: measurement with an MR imaging diffusion technique. Work in progress. , 1992, Radiology.

[10]  T Nakada,et al.  Magnetic resonance axonography of the rat spinal cord , 1994, Neuroreport.

[11]  R. Ordidge,et al.  Correction of motional artifacts in diffusion-weighted MR images using navigator echoes. , 1994, Magnetic resonance imaging.

[12]  P. Basser,et al.  Estimation of the effective self-diffusion tensor from the NMR spin echo. , 1994, Journal of magnetic resonance. Series B.

[13]  D B Hackney,et al.  MRI characterization of diffusion coefficients in a rat spinal cord injury model , 1994, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[14]  J C Gore,et al.  Analysis and correction of motion artifacts in diffusion weighted imaging , 1994, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[15]  T. Nakada,et al.  Magnetic resonance axonography of the rat spinal cord: postmortem effects. , 1995, Journal of neurosurgery.

[16]  W. T. Dixon,et al.  The effect of inhomogeneous sample susceptibility on measured diffusion anisotropy using NMR imaging. , 1995, Journal of magnetic resonance. Series B.

[17]  E. Akbudak,et al.  Encoding of anisotropic diffusion with tetrahedral gradients: A general mathematical diffusion formalism and experimental results , 1996, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[18]  D. Alsop Phase insensitive preparation of single‐shot RARE: Application to diffusion imaging in humans , 1997, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[19]  F. Schick SPLICE: Sub‐second diffusion‐sensitive MR imaging using a modified fast spin‐echo acquisition mode , 1997, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[20]  T. Mareci,et al.  Diffusion anisotropy in excised normal rat spinal cord measured by NMR microscopy. , 1997, Magnetic resonance imaging.

[21]  J. Shimony,et al.  A multiple echo pulse sequence for diffusion tensor imaging and its application in excised rat spinal cords , 1997, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[22]  D. Laidlaw,et al.  MR microscopy of transgenic mice that spontaneously acquire experimental allergic encephalomyelitis , 1998, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[23]  C Thomsen,et al.  Quantitative diffusion coefficient maps using fast spin-echo MRI. , 1998, Magnetic resonance imaging.

[24]  P. V. van Zijl,et al.  A motion correction scheme by twin‐echo navigation for diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging with multiple RF echo acquisition , 1998, Magnetic resonance in medicine.