All-optical patterning of azo polymer films

Thin films of polymers containing non-linear optical chromophores based on azobenzene have been shown to respond mechanically to low power light interference, resulting in a transfer of an arbitrary optical pattern to surface relief in a single step, often well below the usual glass transition temperature. The timescale for this process is seconds to minutes, and the resulting surface relief patterns can display a depth of features similar to that of the original film thickness. A series of mechanisms has been proposed to describe the origin of this effect, but none are currently able to rationalize the diverse set of surface patterns observed to be formed with various combinations of circularly and linearly polarized inscription lasers.

[1]  Paul Rochon,et al.  Photoinduced Motions in Azobenzene‐Based Amorphous Polymers: Possible Photonic Devices , 1999 .

[2]  Stephan J. Zilker,et al.  Surface relief gratings generated by pulsed holography: A simple way to polymer nanostructures without isomerizing side-chains , 2001 .

[3]  J. Kumar,et al.  Laser‐induced holographic surface relief gratings on nonlinear optical polymer films , 1995 .

[4]  Lian Li,et al.  Polarized Laser Induced Holographic Surface Relief Gratings on Polymer Films. , 1995 .

[5]  J. Kumar,et al.  Photofabrication of Surface Relief Gratings , 1997 .

[6]  Jean-Luc Bruneel,et al.  Photoinduced orientations of azobenzene chromophores in two distinct holographic diffraction gratings as studied by polarized Raman confocal microspectrometry , 2000 .

[7]  J. Rabek,et al.  Photochemistry and photophysics , 1990 .

[8]  Takashi Fukuda,et al.  Photoinduced surface relief gratings on azopolymer films: Analysis by a fluid mechanics model , 1999 .

[9]  Jean-Michel Nunzi,et al.  Anisotropy of the photo-induced translation diffusion of azobenzene dyes in polymer matrices , 1998 .

[10]  P. Rochon,et al.  Polarization analysis of diffracted orders from a birefringence grating recorded on azobenzene containing polymer , 1999 .

[11]  T. Seki,et al.  Surface Relief Gratings in Host–Guest Supramolecular Materials , 2000 .

[12]  S. Noel,et al.  A SIMPLE METHOD FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF MESOSCOPIC METAL WIRES , 1996 .

[13]  Paul Rochon,et al.  Mechanism of Optically Inscribed High-Efficiency Diffraction Gratings in Azo Polymer Films , 1996 .

[14]  Paul Rochon,et al.  Optically induced surface gratings on azoaromatic polymer films , 1995 .

[15]  J. Nunzi,et al.  Polymer thin-film distributed feedback tunable lasers , 2000 .

[16]  U. Pietsch,et al.  Formation of a Buried Lateral Density Grating in Azobenzene Polymer Films , 2000 .

[17]  Stephan J. Zilker,et al.  Surface relief gratings in photoaddressable polymers generated by cw holography , 2001 .

[18]  Jean-Michel Nunzi,et al.  Anisotropy of the photoinduced translation diffusion of azo-dyes , 1998 .

[19]  Wei Liu,et al.  Photoinduced Surface Relief Grating on Amorphous Poly(4-phenylazophenol) Films , 2000 .

[20]  Jacques A. Delaire,et al.  Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Photochromic Molecules and Materials , 2000 .

[21]  Jean-Michel Nunzi,et al.  Laser emission in periodically modulated polymer films , 2001 .

[22]  Jayant Kumar,et al.  Single laser beam-induced surface deformation on azobenzene polymer films , 1998 .

[23]  N. Viswanathan,et al.  A Detailed Investigation of the Polarization-Dependent Surface-Relief-Grating Formation Process on Azo Polymer Films , 1999 .

[24]  M. Ozaki,et al.  Novel optical properties of conducting polymer-photochromic polymer systems , 2001 .

[25]  L. Wenke,et al.  An improved method for separating the kinetics of anisotropic and topographic gratings in side-chain azobenzene polyesters , 2000 .

[26]  P. Rochon,et al.  Highly Stable Optically Induced Birefringence and Holographic Surface Gratings on a New Azocarbazole-Based Polyimide , 1999 .

[27]  W. Wiedemann,et al.  [A simple method for the manufacture of reproducible photographs of front teeth and gingiva in dental practice]. , 1978, Deutsche zahnarztliche Zeitschrift.

[28]  T. Fukuda,et al.  Photo-Induced Formation of the Surface Relief Grating on Azobenzene Polymers: Analysis Based on the Fluid Mechanics , 2000 .

[29]  Paul Rochon,et al.  Model of laser-driven mass transport in thin films of dye-functionalized polymers , 1998 .

[30]  J. Kumar,et al.  Photoinduced surface relief gratings in high‐Tg main‐chain azoaromatic polymer films , 1998 .

[31]  Jayant Kumar,et al.  Photoinduced surface deformations on azobenzene polymer films , 1999 .

[32]  Y. Kawata,et al.  Two-Stage Optical Data Storage in Azo Polymers , 2000 .

[33]  Xiaogong Wang,et al.  Azo Chromophore-Functionalized Polyelectrolytes. 1. Synthesis, Characterization, and Photoprocessing , 1998 .

[34]  G. Kumar,et al.  Photochemistry of azobenzene-containing polymers , 1989 .

[35]  Jayant Kumar,et al.  Polarization dependent recordings of surface relief gratings on azobenzene containing polymer films , 1996 .

[36]  Stephan J. Zilker,et al.  Thermally induced surface relief gratings in azobenzene polymers , 2000 .

[37]  Izabela Naydenova,et al.  Diffraction from Polarization Holographic Gratings with Surface Relief in Side-chain Azobenzene Polyesters , 1998 .

[38]  Joachim H. Wendorff,et al.  Biphoton-Induced Refractive Index Change in 4-Amino-4‘-nitroazobenzene/Polycarbonate , 1996 .

[39]  Jacques A. Delaire,et al.  Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Photochromic Molecules and Materials. , 2000, Chemical reviews.

[40]  N. Tamaoki,et al.  Photoinduced Alignment of Nematic Liquid Crystal on the Polymer Surface Microrelief , 2000 .

[41]  Yoshimasa Kawata,et al.  Transcription of Near-Field Induced by Photo-Irradiation on a Film of Azo-Containing Urethane-Urea Copolymer , 2000 .

[42]  L. Samuelson,et al.  Photochemical Behavior and Formation of Surface Relief Grating on Self-Assembled Polyion/Dye Composite Film , 2000 .

[43]  L. Nikolova,et al.  Optically induced surface relief phenomena in azobenzene polymers , 1999 .

[44]  Shai Rubin,et al.  Control of the Structure and Functions of Biomaterials by Light , 1996 .

[45]  Paul Rochon,et al.  Optically inscribed surface relief diffraction gratings on azobenzene-containing polymers for coupling light into slab waveguides , 1996 .

[46]  Jayant Kumar,et al.  Unusual Polarization Dependent Optical Erasure of Surface Relief Gratings on Azobenzene Polymer Films. , 1998 .

[47]  Søren Hvilsted,et al.  MEAN-FIELD THEORY OF PHOTOINDUCED FORMATION OF SURFACE RELIEFS IN SIDE-CHAIN AZOBENZENE POLYMERS , 1998 .

[48]  N. Viswanathan,et al.  Azo Polymer Multilayer Films by Electrostatic Self-Assembly and Layer-by-Layer Post Azo Functionalization , 2000 .

[49]  Yoshimasa Kawata,et al.  Optical Near Field Induced Change in Viscoelasticity on an Azobenzene-Containing Polymer Surface , 2000 .

[50]  B. Fleck,et al.  A model for surface-relief formation in azobenzene polymers , 2001 .

[51]  S. Hvilsted,et al.  Surface relief measurements in side-chain azobenzene polyesters with different substituents , 2001 .

[52]  Thierry Buffeteau,et al.  Analyses of the Diffraction Efficiencies, Birefringence, and Surface Relief Gratings on Azobenzene-Containing Polymer Films , 1998 .

[53]  Jong-Duk Kim,et al.  Alignment control of liquid crystals on surface relief gratings , 2000 .

[54]  H. Matsuda,et al.  Photofabrication of Surface Relief Grating on Films of Azobenzene Polymer with Different Dye Functionalization , 2000 .

[55]  Toemsak Srikhirin,et al.  Light-induced softening of azobenzene dye-doped polymer films probed with quartz crystal resonators , 2000 .

[56]  L. Samuelson,et al.  Surface relief gratings from electrostatically layered azo dye films , 2000 .

[57]  N. Viswanathan,et al.  Holographic fabrication of polarization selective diffractive optical elements on azopolymer film , 2000 .

[58]  Paul Rochon,et al.  Photoinduced liquid crystal alignment based on a surface relief grating in an assembled cell , 1999 .

[59]  J. Neumann,et al.  Direct laser writing of surface reliefs in dry, self-developing photopolymer films. , 1999, Applied optics.

[60]  P. Rochon,et al.  Narrow-band resonant grating waveguide filters constructed with azobenzene polymers. , 1999, Applied optics.

[61]  Jayant Kumar,et al.  Gradient force: The mechanism for surface relief grating formation in azobenzene functionalized polymers , 1998 .

[62]  C. Callender,et al.  Guided mode resonance filters using polymer films , 1997 .

[63]  Søren Hvilsted,et al.  Holographic Gratings in Azobenzene Side-Chain Polymethacrylates , 1999 .