Effects of subtype of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults on lateralized readiness potentials during a go/no-go choice reaction time task.

We studied 40 young adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; 18 predominantly inattentive type, 22 combined type) and 38 demographically comparable controls in a go/no-go choice reaction time task with 2 levels of difficulty. The ADHD/combined group was less accurate and had more variable reactions than controls. The ADHD/inattentive sample was slower than controls and had smaller early lateralized readiness potentials (LRPs). Compared with controls, both subtypes had (a) smaller early LRPs for no-go stimuli and (b) relatively earlier LRP onsets for difficult no-go events. The ADHD/combined sample also had smaller late LRP waves than controls. The results suggest that adults with ADHD, particularly those with the combined subtype, exhibit weaker central preparation to respond to both stimuli requiring a motor response and those prompting response inhibition.

[1]  T. Banaschewski,et al.  Electrophysiological evidence for abnormal preparatory states and inhibitory processing in adult ADHD , 2010, Behavioral and Brain Functions.

[2]  Margot J. Taylor,et al.  Guidelines for using human event-related potentials to study cognition: recording standards and publication criteria. , 2000, Psychophysiology.

[3]  J. Miller.  Can response preparation begin before stimulus recognition finishes? , 1983, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[4]  Hiroaki Masaki,et al.  The functional locus of the lateralized readiness potential. , 2004, Psychophysiology.

[5]  J. Buitelaar,et al.  To act or not to act, that's the problem: primarily inhibition difficulties in adult ADHD. , 2010, Neuropsychology.

[6]  Ron Dumont,et al.  Woodcock‐Johnson III Tests of Achievement , 2008 .

[7]  Do's and don'ts with lateralized event-related brain potentials. , 2007, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[8]  D. Francis,et al.  Intelligent testing and the discrepancy model for children with learning disabilities. , 1998 .

[9]  Cameron S. Carter,et al.  Asymmetrical visual-spatial attentional performance in ADHD: Evidence for a right hemispheric deficit , 1995, Biological Psychiatry.

[10]  James J. Pekar,et al.  Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Evidence for Abnormalities in Response Selection in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Differences in Activation Associated with Response Inhibition but Not Habitual Motor Response , 2008, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[11]  John L Bradshaw,et al.  MOTOR PREPARATION, MOTOR EXECUTION, ATTENTION, AND EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS IN ATTENTION DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER (ADHD) , 2005, Child neuropsychology : a journal on normal and abnormal development in childhood and adolescence.

[12]  J. Nigg.  On inhibition/disinhibition in developmental psychopathology: views from cognitive and personality psychology and a working inhibition taxonomy. , 2000, Psychological bulletin.

[13]  J Miller,et al.  Effects of preliminary perceptual output on neuronal activity of the primary motor cortex. , 1992, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[14]  H Stanislaw,et al.  Calculation of signal detection theory measures , 1999, Behavior research methods, instruments, & computers : a journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc.

[15]  C. Eriksen,et al.  Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 2004 .

[16]  R. Barkley,et al.  Executive functioning and olfactory identification in young adults with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. , 2001, Neuropsychology.

[17]  Jeff Miller,et al.  Using the jackknife-based scoring method for measuring LRP onset effects in factorial designs. , 2001, Psychophysiology.

[18]  Stewart H. Mostofsky,et al.  Evidence that response inhibition is a primary deficit in ADHD , 2007, Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology.

[19]  M. Fillmore,et al.  Inhibitory functioning across ADHD subtypes: recent findings, clinical implications, and future directions. , 2008, Developmental disabilities research reviews.

[20]  J. Halperin.  ADHD and the Nature of Self-Control , 1999 .

[21]  J. Kenemans,et al.  A meta-analytic review of stopping performance in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: deficient inhibitory motor control? , 2005, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[22]  G. O'driscoll,et al.  Executive Functions and Methylphenidate Response in Subtypes of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder , 2005, Biological Psychiatry.

[23]  Justin J. Trevino.  ADHD in Adults: What the Science Says , 2008 .

[24]  Tali Fisher,et al.  Dis-regulation of response inhibition in adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): An ERP study , 2011, Clinical Neurophysiology.

[25]  Daniel Brandeis,et al.  Brain mapping of bilateral interactions in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and control boys , 2000, Clinical Neurophysiology.

[26]  R. Kessler,et al.  The prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. , 2006, The American journal of psychiatry.

[27]  Jerome L. Myers,et al.  Research Design and Statistical Analysis , 1991 .

[28]  M G Coles,et al.  On the transmission of partial information: inferences from movement-related brain potentials. , 1992, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[29]  J. Henderson,et al.  Executive functions and ADHD in adults: evidence for selective effects on ADHD symptom domains. , 2005, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[30]  A. Fallgatter,et al.  Influence of Stimulant Medication and Response Speed on Lateralization of Movement-Related Potentials in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder , 2012, PloS one.

[31]  E. Strauss,et al.  Reaction time performance in adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Evidence of inconsistency in the fast and slow portions of the RT distribution , 2007, Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology.

[32]  M. Fillmore,et al.  Inhibitory deficits in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Intentional versus automatic mechanisms of attention , 2009, Development and Psychopathology.

[33]  A. Cools,et al.  Dipole source analysis suggests selective modulation of the supplementary motor area contribution to the readiness potential. , 1996, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[34]  Ann-Christine Ehlis,et al.  Diminished prefrontal brain function in adults with psychopathology in childhood related to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder , 2005, Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging.

[35]  J. Polich.  Updating P300: An integrative theory of P3a and P3b , 2007, Clinical Neurophysiology.

[36]  Monica Dhar,et al.  Information processing differences and similarities in adults with dyslexia and adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder during a Continuous Performance Test: A study of cortical potentials , 2010, Neuropsychologia.

[37]  D. Lynam,et al.  Response Style Differences in the Inattentive and Combined Subtypes of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder , 2008, Journal of abnormal child psychology.

[38]  Gorman Bozorgpour,et al.  Intentional Motor Inhibition in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: An Evaluation of Performance and Lateralized Readiness Potentials During a Go/No-Go Discrimination Task , 2012 .

[39]  D. Lynam,et al.  ADHD Combined Type and ADHD Predominantly Inattentive Type Are Distinct and Unrelated Disorders , 2006 .

[40]  E Donchin,et al.  A new method for off-line removal of ocular artifact. , 1983, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[41]  D. Brandeis,et al.  A neurophysiological marker of impaired preparation in an 11-year follow-up study of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). , 2013, Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines.

[42]  J. Epstein,et al.  Continuous Performance Test Results of Adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder , 1998 .

[43]  J. Buitelaar,et al.  Executive functioning in adult ADHD: a meta-analytic review , 2005, Psychological Medicine.

[44]  P. Maruff,et al.  Covert orienting of visual spatial attention in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: does comorbidity make a difference? , 1999, Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists.

[45]  J. Henderson,et al.  Attentional versus motor inhibition in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. , 2006, Neuropsychology.

[46]  R. Barry,et al.  Response inhibition and interference control in children with AD/HD: a visual ERP investigation. , 2009, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[47]  L. Hawk,et al.  Reaction Time Variability in ADHD: A Review , 2012, Neurotherapeutics.

[48]  N. Ryan,et al.  Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL): initial reliability and validity data. , 1997, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[49]  A. Beardwell.  Electromyography , 1945 .

[50]  Kevin R. Murphy,et al.  Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder : a clinical workbook , 1991 .