A classification system for faecal incontinence based on anorectal investigations

Faecal incontinence is a socially disabling condition that affects a heterogeneous population of patients. There is no standardization of investigations, and treatment outcomes are variable. The major limitation for comparing the results from different studies is the lack of a pretreatment classification of incontinence. The aim of this study was to review the anorectal investigation findings and propose a simple, repeatable classification for faecal incontinence.

[1]  D. Burke,et al.  Intra‐anal collagen injection for the treatment of faecal incontinence , 2006, The British journal of surgery.

[2]  V. Ripetti.  Efficacy of sacral nerve stimulation for fecal incontinence: results of a multicenter double-blind crossover study. , 2006, Techniques in coloproctology.

[3]  B. Parry,et al.  A novel model used to compare water–perfused and solid–state anorectal manometry , 2006, Techniques in Coloproctology.

[4]  D. Faigel,et al.  Endoanal Ultrasound Compared to Anorectal Manometry for the Evaluation of Fecal Incontinence: A Study of the Effect These Tests Have on Clinical Outcome , 2006, Digestive Diseases and Sciences.

[5]  G. Boeckxstaens,et al.  Atrophy and Defects Detection of the External Anal Sphincter: Comparison Between Three-Dimensional Anal Endosonography and Endoanal Magnetic Resonance Imaging , 2006, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[6]  B. Vonen,et al.  Anal Incontinence After Obstetric Sphincter Tears: Outcome of Anatomic Primary Repairs , 2005, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[7]  E. Kuipers,et al.  Can three-dimensional endoanal ultrasonography detect external anal sphincter atrophy? A comparison with endoanal magnetic resonance imaging , 2005, International Journal of Colorectal Disease.

[8]  J. Tjandra,et al.  Injectable Silicone Biomaterial for Fecal Incontinence Caused by Internal Anal Sphincter Dysfunction Is Effective , 2004, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[9]  C. Dejong,et al.  Sacral Neuromodulation in Patients With Fecal Incontinence: A Single-Center Study , 2004, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[10]  M. Kamm,et al.  Sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence in the UK , 2004, The British journal of surgery.

[11]  M. Kamm,et al.  Sacral spinal nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence: multicentre study , 2004, The Lancet.

[12]  J. Ritchie,et al.  Overlapping anal sphincter repair for faecal incontinence due to sphincter trauma: five year follow-up functional results , 1994, International Journal of Colorectal Disease.

[13]  R. Nelson.  Epidemiology of fecal incontinence. , 2004, Gastroenterology.

[14]  T. Rockwood.  Incontinence severity and QOL scales for fecal incontinence. , 2004, Gastroenterology.

[15]  R. Madoff.  Surgical treatment options for fecal incontinence. , 2004, Gastroenterology.

[16]  G. Barišić,et al.  Outcome of overlapping anal sphincter repair after 3 months and after a mean of 80 months , 2004, International Journal of Colorectal Disease.

[17]  J. Poloniecki,et al.  Preliminary evaluation of an injectable anal sphincter bulking agent (Durasphere) in the management of faecal incontinence , 2003, Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics.

[18]  D. Burke,et al.  Role of Resting Pressure Gradient in the Investigation of Idiopathic Fecal Incontinence , 2002, Diseases of the Colon & Rectum.

[19]  W. Whitehead,et al.  Anorectal functional testing: review of collective experience , 2002, American Journal of Gastroenterology.

[20]  D. Rothenberger,et al.  Clinical rather than laboratory assessment predicts continence after anterior sphincteroplasty , 2001, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[21]  E. Birnbaum,et al.  Manometric squeeze pressure difference parallels functional outcome after overlapping sphincter reconstruction , 2001, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[22]  C. Baeten,et al.  Dynamic graciloplasty for fecal incontinence , 2001, Microsurgery.

[23]  D. Bartolo,et al.  Preliminary results of a multicentre trial of the electrically stimulated gracilis neoanal sphincter , 1999, The British journal of surgery.

[24]  John R. Christiansen,et al.  Long-term results of artificial anal sphincter implantation for severe anal incontinence. , 1999, Annals of surgery.

[25]  W. Whitehead,et al.  AGA technical review on anorectal testing techniques. , 1999, Gastroenterology.

[26]  E. Soffer,et al.  Manometric tests of anorectal function in healthy adults , 1999, American Journal of Gastroenterology.

[27]  S. Wexner,et al.  Pudendal neuropathy is predictive of failure following anterior overlapping sphincteroplasty , 1998, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[28]  M. Benson,et al.  Glutaraldehyde cross‐linked collagen in the treatment of faecal incontinence , 1998, The British journal of surgery.

[29]  S. Laurberg,et al.  Test-retest repeatability of anorectal physiology tests in healthy volunteers , 1997, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[30]  J. Murray,et al.  Unilateral pudendal neuropathy , 1996, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[31]  G. L. Engel,et al.  Anal dynamic graciloplasty in the treatment of intractable fecal incontinence. , 1995, The New England journal of medicine.

[32]  M. Kamm,et al.  Anterior anal sphincter repair in patients with obstetric trauma , 1994, The British journal of surgery.

[33]  C. Johnson,et al.  Anorectal physiology measurements are of no value in clinical practice. True or false? , 1994, Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England.

[34]  S. Wexner,et al.  Etiology and management of fecal incontinence , 1993, Diseases of the colon and rectum.