Retinal vascular fractal dimension and cerebral blood flow, a pilot study

Ocular and brain microcirculation share embryological and histological similarities. The retinal vascular fractal dimension (FD) is a marker of retinal vascular complexity of the vascular tree. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between cerebral blood flow (CBF), retinal vascular FD and other retinal vascular markers.

[1]  D. Rodgers,et al.  Dimensions of the posterior cerebral circulation: an analysis based on advanced non-invasive imaging , 2012, Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery.

[2]  J. Stam,et al.  Retinal arterial changes correlate with cerebral small-vessel disease , 2002, Neurology.

[3]  Tien Yin Wong,et al.  Fractal analysis of retinal microvasculature and coronary heart disease mortality. , 2011, European heart journal.

[4]  David Craig,et al.  Retinal microvascular network attenuation in Alzheimer's disease , 2015, Alzheimer's & dementia.

[5]  Silvia Romano,et al.  Fractal Analysis Reveals Reduced Complexity of Retinal Vessels in CADASIL , 2011, PloS one.

[6]  C D Murray,et al.  The Physiological Principle of Minimum Work: I. The Vascular System and the Cost of Blood Volume. , 1926, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[7]  J. Detre,et al.  Arterial spin labeling perfusion fMRI with very low task frequency , 2003, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[8]  Andrew Pipingas,et al.  Cardiovascular Disease Risk and Cerebral Blood Flow Velocity , 2012, Stroke.

[9]  K. Ritchie,et al.  Working memory activation of neural networks in the elderly as a function of information processing phase and task complexity , 2015, Neurobiology of Learning and Memory.

[10]  J. Seylaz,et al.  Long-Term in Vivo Investigation of Mouse Cerebral Microcirculation by Fluorescence Confocal Microscopy in the Area of Focal Ischemia , 2005, Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism.

[11]  T. Wong,et al.  Retinal microvascular signs and risk of diabetic kidney disease in asian and white populations , 2021, Scientific Reports.

[12]  T. Wong,et al.  The Singapore Eye Vessel Assessment System , 2014 .

[13]  T. Wong,et al.  Retinal vascular fractal and blood pressure in a multiethnic population , 2013, Journal of hypertension.

[14]  T. Wong,et al.  Fractal analysis of the retinal vasculature and chronic kidney disease. , 2010, Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association.

[15]  R. Klein,et al.  Retinal Microvascular Signs and Risk of Stroke: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) , 2012, Stroke.

[16]  B. Masters,et al.  Fractal analysis of the vascular tree in the human retina. , 2004, Annual review of biomedical engineering.

[17]  Matthias Günther,et al.  Comparison of Arterial Spin-Labeling Techniques and Dynamic Susceptibility-Weighted Contrast-Enhanced MRI in Perfusion Imaging of Normal Brain Tissue , 2003, Investigative radiology.

[18]  J. Detre,et al.  Pediatric perfusion imaging using pulsed arterial spin labeling , 2003, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[19]  Afonso C Silva,et al.  Measurement of cerebral perfusion territories using arterial spin labelling , 2007, NMR in biomedicine.

[20]  T. MacGillivray,et al.  Modulation of retinal image vasculature analysis to extend utility and provide secondary value from optical coherence tomography imaging. , 2016, Journal of medical imaging.

[21]  R. Klein,et al.  Quantitative retinal venular caliber and risk of cardiovascular disease in older persons: the cardiovascular health study. , 2006, Archives of internal medicine.

[22]  R. Broe,et al.  Noninvasive Retinal Markers in Diabetic Retinopathy: Advancing from Bench towards Bedside , 2017, Journal of diabetes research.

[23]  R. Klein,et al.  Retinal vascular caliber, cardiovascular risk factors, and inflammation: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA). , 2006, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[24]  Shuliang Jiao,et al.  Accuracy of retinal oximetry: a Monte Carlo investigation , 2013, Journal of biomedical optics.

[25]  Jeroen Hendrikse,et al.  Intra- and Multicenter Reproducibility of Pulsed, Continuous and Pseudo-Continuous Arterial Spin Labeling Methods for Measuring Cerebral Perfusion , 2011, Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism.

[26]  P. Mitchell,et al.  Influence of refractive error and axial length on retinal vessel geometric characteristics. , 2011, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[27]  J. Detre,et al.  Technical aspects and utility of fMRI using BOLD and ASL , 2002, Clinical Neurophysiology.

[28]  D G Gadian,et al.  Quantification of Perfusion Using Bolus Tracking Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Stroke: Assumptions, Limitations, and Potential Implications for Clinical Use , 2002, Stroke.

[29]  M. Szklo,et al.  The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) , 2012 .

[30]  Shazia Dharssi,et al.  Improved partial volume correction method for detecting brain activation in disease using Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL) fMRI , 2015, 2015 37th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC).

[31]  Seung Hong Choi,et al.  Arterial spin labeling , 2018, Neurology India.

[32]  T. Wong,et al.  Quantitative Assessment of Early Diabetic Retinopathy Using Fractal Analysis , 2009, Diabetes Care.

[33]  W. Mali,et al.  Hypertension and longitudinal changes in cerebral blood flow: The SMART‐MR study , 2012, Annals of neurology.

[34]  J M Wardlaw,et al.  Fractal analysis of retinal vessels suggests that a distinct vasculopathy causes lacunar stroke , 2010, Neurology.

[35]  R F Spetzler,et al.  Incidental subcortical lesions identified on magnetic resonance imaging in the elderly. I. Correlation with age and cerebrovascular risk factors. , 1986, Stroke.

[36]  R. Klein,et al.  Association of the Fractal Dimension of Retinal Arteries and Veins with Quantitative Brain MRI Measures in HIV-Infected and Uninfected Women , 2016, PloS one.

[37]  P. Mitchell,et al.  The retinal vasculature as a fractal: methodology, reliability, and relationship to blood pressure. , 2008, Ophthalmology.

[38]  R. Klein,et al.  Comparison of Common Retinal Vessel Caliber Measurement Software and a Conversion Algorithm , 2016, Translational vision science & technology.

[39]  Andrea Giachetti,et al.  VAMPIRE: Vessel assessment and measurement platform for images of the REtina , 2011, 2011 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.

[40]  R. Klein,et al.  Quantitative and qualitative retinal microvascular characteristics and blood pressure , 2011, Journal of hypertension.

[41]  K. Hayashi,et al.  Adaptation and remodeling of vascular wall; biomechanical response to hypertension. , 2009, Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials.

[42]  David Curtis Cardiovascular disease risk , 1996, Nature Medicine.

[43]  Alicia J. Jenkins,et al.  Retinal Vascular Fractal Dimension and Risk of Early Diabetic Retinopathy , 2009, Diabetes Care.

[44]  Jasjit S. Suri,et al.  Image analysis and modeling in ophthalmology , 2014 .

[45]  Importance of national plans for Alzheimer’s disease and dementia , 2013, Alzheimer's Research & Therapy.

[46]  M. Z. Che Azemin,et al.  AMACR mutations cause late-onset autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia , 2011, Neurology.

[47]  A. Brickman,et al.  Mean arterial pressure change associated with cerebral blood flow in healthy older adults , 2016, Neurobiology of Aging.

[48]  T. Wong,et al.  Retinal vascular fractal dimension and its relationship with cardiovascular and ocular risk factors. , 2012, American journal of ophthalmology.

[49]  R. Klein,et al.  Methods for evaluation of retinal microvascular abnormalities associated with hypertension/sclerosis in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. , 1999, Ophthalmology.

[50]  Debraj Mukherjee,et al.  Epidemiology and the global burden of stroke. , 2011, World neurosurgery.

[51]  F Grizzi,et al.  Fractal analysis. , 2000, Gynecologic oncology.

[52]  Marc Wortmann Dementia: a global health priority - highlights from an ADI and World Health Organization report , 2012, Alzheimer's Research & Therapy.

[53]  M. Schwartz,et al.  The retina as a window to the brain—from eye research to CNS disorders , 2013, Nature Reviews Neurology.

[54]  R Nick Bryan,et al.  Retinal Microvascular Abnormalities and MRI-Defined Subclinical Cerebral Infarction: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study , 2006, Stroke.

[55]  R. Klein,et al.  Retinal arteriolar narrowing and risk of coronary heart disease in men and women. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. , 2002, JAMA.

[56]  S. Folstein,et al.  "Mini-mental state". A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. , 1975, Journal of psychiatric research.

[57]  T. Wong,et al.  Ocular Fundus Photography as a Tool to Study Stroke and Dementia , 2015, Seminars in Neurology.

[58]  C. Cheung,et al.  Retinal vasculature in glaucoma: a review , 2017, BMJ Open Ophthalmology.

[59]  Sterling C. Johnson,et al.  Low cerebral blood flow is associated with lower memory function in metabolic syndrome , 2012, Obesity.

[60]  Martin A Mainster,et al.  The fractal properties of retinal vessels: Embryological and clinical implications , 1990, Eye.

[61]  P. Mitchell,et al.  Lens opacity and refractive influences on the measurement of retinal vascular fractal dimension , 2010, Acta ophthalmologica.

[62]  A. Maxwell,et al.  Evaluation of the Retinal Vasculature in Hypertension and Chronic Kidney Disease in an Elderly Population of Irish Nuns , 2015, PloS one.

[63]  R. Klein,et al.  Computer-assisted measurement of retinal vessel diameters in the Beaver Dam Eye Study: methodology, correlation between eyes, and effect of refractive errors. , 2004, Ophthalmology.

[64]  A. Hofman,et al.  Retinal vascular caliber and risk of dementia , 2011, Neurology.

[65]  Josef Pfeuffer,et al.  Comparison of pulsed arterial spin labeling encoding schemes and absolute perfusion quantification. , 2009, Magnetic resonance imaging.

[66]  G. Aguirre,et al.  Experimental Design and the Relative Sensitivity of BOLD and Perfusion fMRI , 2002, NeuroImage.

[67]  Niels D Prins,et al.  Retinal vessel diameters and cerebral small vessel disease: the Rotterdam Scan Study. , 2006, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[68]  Bernhard Hemmer,et al.  An automated tool for detection of FLAIR-hyperintense white-matter lesions in Multiple Sclerosis , 2012, NeuroImage.