A design system for RFIC: challenges and solutions

The expansion of the market for portable wireless communication devices has given a tremendous push to the development of a new generation of low-power radio frequency integrated circuit (RFIC) products. In this fast-growing environment where time-to-market constraints force tight schedules, having a good design methodology, innovation computer-aided design (CAD) tools, and a well-integrated design system are key factors for success. In this paper, we describe a design system developed to provide the designer with everything necessary to accurately predict the behavior of RFIC devices, including layout and package parasitic effects. We show how important a well-defined and integrated system is to manufacturing a design that meets specifications at the minimum cost, in the minimum time. A close link between schematic, models, and layout is of paramount importance to ensure the accuracy need for low-power RF design. We give an overview of the advanced methods and tools currently available for simulation and noise analysis of RF devices. Finally, we show a design example that obtained first-silicon success.

[1]  Jaijeet Roychowdhury,et al.  Cyclostationary noise analysis of large RF circuits with multitone excitations , 1998 .

[2]  Jacob K. White,et al.  Efficient AC and noise analysis of two-tone RF circuits , 1996, DAC '96.

[3]  A.A. Abidi,et al.  Noise in RF-CMOS mixers: a simple physical model , 2000, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits.

[4]  P. Russer,et al.  Microwave circuits , 1998, 1998 URSI International Symposium on Signals, Systems, and Electronics. Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.98EX167).

[5]  M. Schroter,et al.  A compact physical large-signal model for high-speed bipolar transistors at high current densities—Part II: Two-dimensional model and experimental results , 1987, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices.

[6]  E. Charbon,et al.  SUBWAVE: a methodology for modeling digital substrate noise injection in mixed-signal ICs , 1996, Proceedings of Custom Integrated Circuits Conference.

[7]  Alberto L. Sangiovanni-Vincentelli,et al.  Steady-state methods for simulating analog and microwave circuits , 1990, The Kluwer international series in engineering and computer science.

[8]  Robert G. Meyer,et al.  Modeling and analysis of substrate coupling in integrated circuits , 1996 .

[9]  R. Meyer,et al.  Si IC-compatible inductors and LC passive filters , 1990 .

[10]  D. Leeson A simple model of feedback oscillator noise spectrum , 1966 .

[11]  Lawrence T. Pileggi,et al.  PRIMA: passive reduced-order interconnect macromodeling algorithm , 1998, 1997 Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Computer Aided Design (ICCAD).

[12]  Peter Feldmann,et al.  Cyclostationary noise analysis of large RF circuits with multi-tone excitations , 1997, Proceedings of CICC 97 - Custom Integrated Circuits Conference.

[13]  Florin Balasa,et al.  Module placement for analog layout using the sequence-pair representation , 1999, DAC '99.

[14]  E. Ngoya,et al.  Envelop transient analysis: a new method for the transient and steady state analysis of microwave communication circuits and systems , 1996, 1996 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest.

[15]  C. Enz,et al.  MOS transistor modeling for RF IC design , 2000, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits.

[16]  C. C. McAndrew,et al.  VBIC95, the vertical bipolar inter-company model , 1996, IEEE J. Solid State Circuits.

[17]  J.A.M. Geelen,et al.  An improved de-embedding technique for on-wafer high-frequency characterization , 1991, Proceedings of the 1991 Bipolar Circuits and Technology Meeting.

[18]  J. Phillips,et al.  Noise in mixers, oscillators, samplers, and logic an introduction to cyclostationary noise , 2000, Proceedings of the IEEE 2000 Custom Integrated Circuits Conference (Cat. No.00CH37044).

[19]  Jacob K. White,et al.  Efficient Steady-State Analysis Based on Matrix-Free Krylov-Subspace Methods , 1995, 32nd Design Automation Conference.

[20]  N. P. van der Meijs,et al.  Fast computation of substrate resistances in large circuits , 1996, Proceedings ED&TC European Design and Test Conference.

[21]  Tsutomu Sugawara,et al.  An efficient small signal frequency analysis method of nonlinear circuits with two frequency excitations , 1990, IEEE Trans. Comput. Aided Des. Integr. Circuits Syst..

[22]  Robert G. Meyer,et al.  Future directions in silicon ICs for RF personal communications , 1995, Proceedings of the IEEE 1995 Custom Integrated Circuits Conference.

[23]  Y. Tsividis Operation and modeling of the MOS transistor , 1987 .

[24]  Baolin Yang,et al.  A multi-interval Chebyshev collocation method for efficient high-accuracy RF circuit simulation , 2000, DAC.

[25]  Tetsuro Itakura,et al.  Numerical noise analysis for nonlinear circuits with a periodic large signal excitation including cyclostationary noise sources , 1993 .

[26]  Edoardo Charbon,et al.  A Top-down, Constraint-Driven Design Methodology for Analog Integrated Circuits , 1993 .

[27]  S. H. Jen,et al.  Accurate modeling and parameter extraction for MOS transistors valid up to 10 GHz , 1999 .

[28]  Lawrence T. Pileggi,et al.  Practical considerations for passive reduction of RLC circuits , 1999, 1999 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design. Digest of Technical Papers (Cat. No.99CH37051).

[29]  Franz X. Kärtner,et al.  Analysis of white and f-α noise in oscillators , 1990, Int. J. Circuit Theory Appl..

[30]  A. Niknejad,et al.  Analysis , Design , and Optimization of Spiral Inductors and Transformers for Si RF IC ’ s , 1998 .

[31]  Alberto Sangiovanni-Vincentelli,et al.  Substrate noise: analysis and optimization for IC design [Book Review] , 2002, IEEE Circuits and Devices Magazine.

[32]  N. P. van der Meijs,et al.  Boundary element methods for 3D capacitance and substrate resistance calculations in inhomogeneous media in a VLSI layout verification package , 1994 .

[33]  Behzad Razavi,et al.  RF Microelectronics , 1997 .

[34]  D. J. Allstot,et al.  Rapid simulation of substrate coupling effects in mixed-mode ICs , 1993, Proceedings of IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference - CICC '93.

[35]  Rahul Magoon,et al.  A 2.7-V 900-MHz/1.9-GHz dual-band transceiver IC for digital wireless communication , 1999 .

[36]  Alberto Sangiovanni-Vincentelli,et al.  A Top-Down, Constraint-Driven Design Methodology for Analog ICs , 1997 .

[37]  Lawrence E. Larson Integrated circuit technology options for RFICs-present status and future directions , 1998 .

[38]  Lawrence E. Larson,et al.  Integrated circuit technology options for RFIC's-present status and future directions , 1997, Proceedings of CICC 97 - Custom Integrated Circuits Conference.

[39]  Alper Demir,et al.  Analysis and Simulation of Noise in Nonlinear Electronic Circuits and Systems , 1997 .

[40]  John M. Cohn Analog Device-Level Layout Automation , 1994 .

[41]  Stephen A. Maas,et al.  Nonlinear microwave circuits , 1988 .

[42]  H. Stubing,et al.  A compact physical large-signal model for high-speed bipolar transistors at high current densities—Part I: One-dimensional model , 1987, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices.

[43]  Hiroshi Iwai,et al.  Technology towards low power/low voltage and scaling of MOSFETs , 1997 .

[44]  Shoichi Masui,et al.  Experimental results and modeling techniques for substrate noise in mixed-signal integrated circuits , 1993 .

[45]  E. Vittoz,et al.  An analytical MOS transistor model valid in all regions of operation and dedicated to low-voltage and low-current applications , 1995 .

[46]  H. C. de Graaff,et al.  Modeling of the collector epilayer of a bipolar transistor in the MEXTRAM model , 1995 .

[47]  R. M. Warner,et al.  Integrated circuits : design principles and fabrication , 1965 .

[48]  Robert G. Meyer,et al.  A 1.8-GHz monolithic LC voltage-controlled oscillator , 1992 .

[49]  Rob A. Rutenbar,et al.  Addressing substrate coupling in mixed-mode ICs: simulation and power distribution synthesis , 1994, IEEE J. Solid State Circuits.

[50]  Roland W. Freund,et al.  Efficient linear circuit analysis by Pade´ approximation via the Lanczos process , 1994, EURO-DAC '94.

[51]  Ali M. Niknejad,et al.  Analysis, design, and optimization of spiral inductors and transformers for Si RF ICs , 1998, IEEE J. Solid State Circuits.

[52]  Luís Miguel Silveira,et al.  Robust rational function approximation algorithm for model generation , 1999, Proceedings 1999 Design Automation Conference (Cat. No. 99CH36361).

[53]  Asad A. Abidi Radio-frequency integrated circuits for portable communications , 1994, Proceedings of IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference - CICC '94.

[54]  Mansun Chan,et al.  A physical and scalable I-V model in BSIM3v3 for analog/digital circuit simulation , 1997 .

[55]  S. Moinian,et al.  VBIC95: An improved vertical, IC bipolar transistor model , 1995, Proceedings of Bipolar/Bicmos Circuits and Technology Meeting.

[56]  L. Petzold An Efficient Numerical Method for Highly Oscillatory Ordinary Differential Equations , 1978 .

[57]  Mattan Kamon,et al.  Efficient Reduced-Order Modeling of Frequency-Dependent Coupling Inductances associated with 3-D Interconnect Structures , 1995, 32nd Design Automation Conference.

[58]  K. S. Kundert,et al.  Introduction to RF simulation and its application , 1998, Proceedings of the 1998 Bipolar/BiCMOS Circuits and Technology Meeting (Cat. No.98CH36198).

[59]  H.C. de Graaff,et al.  New formulation of the current and charge relations in bipolar transistor modeling for CACD purposes , 1985, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices.

[60]  Robert G. Meyer,et al.  Analysis and Design of Analog Integrated Circuits , 1993 .

[61]  Alberto L. Sangiovanni-Vincentelli,et al.  Modeling digital substrate noise injection in mixed-signal IC's , 1999, IEEE Trans. Comput. Aided Des. Integr. Circuits Syst..

[62]  Georges Gielen,et al.  Analog layout generation for performance and manufacturability , 1999 .

[63]  Wen Wang,et al.  Chip Substrate Resistance Modeling Technique for Integrated Circuit Design , 1984, IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems.

[64]  N.M. Nguyen,et al.  A 1.8 GHz monolithic LC voltage-controlled oscillator , 1992, 1992 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers.

[65]  M. Schroter,et al.  Physics-based minority charge and transit time modeling for bipolar transistors , 1999 .

[66]  A. Abidi,et al.  Physical processes of phase noise in differential LC oscillators , 2000, Proceedings of the IEEE 2000 Custom Integrated Circuits Conference (Cat. No.00CH37044).