Arthroscopic shoulder surgery anatomy: Basic to advanced portal placement

Considering the complex three-dimensional configuration of the shoulder, and its numerous anatomic structures that need to be visualized, many arthroscopic portals have been presented in the literature. Portals for shoulder arthroscopy provide a means for viewing and working in the glenohumeral joint and subacromial space. The proper placement of these portals is important to successfully visualize the cavity, to create secondary portals and to avoid complications and to avoid technical problems, such as an inability to reach or view a target region. We will review the three standard portals for diagnostic shoulder arthroscopy, as well as some advanced portals that are specific to the treatment of various pathologic conditions of the shoulder.