Real-Time Image Reconstruction for Pulse EPR Oxygen Imaging Using a GPU and Lookup Table Parameter Fitting.

The importance of tissue oxygenation has led to a great interest in methods for imaging pO2 in vivo. Electron paramagnetic resonance imaging (EPRI) provides noninvasive, near absolute 1 mm-resolved 3D images of pO2 in the tissues and tumors of living animals. Current EPRI image reconstruction methods tend to be time consuming and preclude real-time visualization of information. Methods are presented to significantly accelerate the reconstruction process in order to enable real-time reconstruction of EPRI pO2 images. These methods are image reconstruction using graphics processing unit (GPU)-based 3D filtered back-projection and lookup table parameter fitting. The combination of these methods leads to acceleration factors of over 650 compared to current methods and allows for real-time reconstruction of EPRI images of pO2 in vivo.

[1]  A. Bruckstein,et al.  K-SVD : An Algorithm for Designing of Overcomplete Dictionaries for Sparse Representation , 2005 .

[2]  P. Carmeliet,et al.  Role of HIF-1 alpha in hypoxia-mediated apoptosis, cell proliferation and tumour angiogenesis (vol 394, pg 485, 1998) , 1998 .

[3]  J. Duerk,et al.  Magnetic Resonance Fingerprinting , 2013, Nature.

[4]  M. Dewhirst,et al.  Review of methods used to study oxygen transport at the microcirculatory level , 2000, International journal of cancer.

[5]  Klaus Mueller,et al.  IOP PUBLISHING PHYSICS IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY , 2007 .

[6]  David Atkinson,et al.  Real-Time Reconstruction of Sensitivity Encoded Radial Magnetic Resonance Imaging Using a Graphics Processing Unit , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging.

[7]  W. Brian Hyslop,et al.  Four-dimensional spectral-spatial imaging using projection reconstruction , 1995, IEEE Trans. Medical Imaging.

[8]  Lei Xing,et al.  GPU computing in medical physics: a review. , 2011, Medical physics.

[9]  Charles H Cunningham,et al.  Temporal stability of adaptive 3D radial MRI using multidimensional golden means , 2009, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[10]  Howard J Halpern,et al.  Principal component analysis enhances SNR for dynamic electron paramagnetic resonance oxygen imaging of cycling hypoxia in vivo , 2014, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[11]  Colin Mailer,et al.  A Versatile High Speed 250 MHz Pulse Imager for Biomedical Applications. , 2008, Concepts in magnetic resonance. Part B, Magnetic resonance engineering.

[12]  James L Tatum,et al.  Hypoxia: Importance in tumor biology, noninvasive measurement by imaging, and value of its measurement in the management of cancer therapy , 2006, International journal of radiation biology.

[13]  Aoife M Shannon,et al.  Tumour hypoxia, chemotherapeutic resistance and hypoxia-related therapies. , 2003, Cancer treatment reviews.

[14]  P. Börnert,et al.  Accelerated MR parameter mapping using compressed sensing with model-based sparsifying transform , 2008 .

[15]  Shuo Zhang,et al.  Nonlinear inverse reconstruction for real‐time MRI of the human heart using undersampled radial FLASH , 2010, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[16]  S. Deans.  The Radon Transform and Some of Its Applications , 1983 .

[17]  Dawen Zhao,et al.  Measuring changes in tumor oxygenation. , 2004, Methods in enzymology.

[18]  Martyna Elas,et al.  Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Oxygen Images Correlate Spatially and Quantitatively with Oxylite Oxygen Measurements , 2006, Clinical Cancer Research.

[19]  E. Hall,et al.  Radiobiology for the radiologist , 1973 .

[20]  Howard J Halpern,et al.  Maximally spaced projection sequencing in electron paramagnetic resonance imaging. , 2015, Concepts in magnetic resonance. Part B, Magnetic resonance engineering.

[21]  Martyna Elas,et al.  Quantitative tumor oxymetric images from 4D electron paramagnetic resonance imaging (EPRI): Methodology and comparison with blood oxygen level‐dependent (BOLD) MRI , 2003, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[22]  Colin Mailer,et al.  Absolute oxygen R1e imaging in vivo with pulse electron paramagnetic resonance , 2014, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[23]  P Vaupel,et al.  Association between tumor hypoxia and malignant progression in advanced cancer of the uterine cervix. , 1996, Cancer research.

[24]  P C Lauterbur,et al.  A gradient control device for complete three-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance zeugmatographic imaging , 1980 .

[25]  H. Halpern,et al.  EPR image based oxygen movies for transient hypoxia. , 2014, Advances in experimental medicine and biology.

[26]  Brian Cabral,et al.  Accelerated volume rendering and tomographic reconstruction using texture mapping hardware , 1994, VVS '94.

[27]  J S Petersson,et al.  EPR and DNP properties of certain novel single electron contrast agents intended for oximetric imaging. , 1998, Journal of magnetic resonance.

[28]  M. Elad,et al.  $rm K$-SVD: An Algorithm for Designing Overcomplete Dictionaries for Sparse Representation , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing.

[29]  E. Rofstad.  Microenvironment-induced cancer metastasis , 2000, International journal of radiation biology.

[30]  Mariya Doneva,et al.  Compressed sensing reconstruction for magnetic resonance parameter mapping , 2010, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[31]  James B. Mitchell,et al.  Imaging cycling tumor hypoxia. , 2010, Cancer research.

[32]  P. Vaupel,et al.  Acute versus chronic hypoxia in tumors , 2012, Strahlentherapie und Onkologie.

[33]  Jeffrey C. Lagarias,et al.  Convergence Properties of the Nelder-Mead Simplex Method in Low Dimensions , 1998, SIAM J. Optim..

[34]  H. Halpern,et al.  Electron paramagnetic resonance oxygen imaging of a rabbit tumor using localized spin probe delivery. , 2010, Medical physics.

[35]  Colin Mailer,et al.  Spin echo spectroscopic electron paramagnetic resonance imaging , 2006, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[36]  M. Griswold,et al.  IR TrueFISP with a golden‐ratio‐based radial readout: Fast quantification of T1, T2, and proton density , 2013, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[37]  Jens Overgaard,et al.  Hypoxic radiosensitization: adored and ignored. , 2007, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[38]  Colin Mailer,et al.  Comparison of 250 MHz electron spin echo and continuous wave oxygen EPR imaging methods for in vivo applications. , 2011, Medical physics.

[39]  James B. Mitchell,et al.  Low-field magnetic resonance imaging to visualize chronic and cycling hypoxia in tumor-bearing mice. , 2010, Cancer research.