Chapter 3 Psychological Perspectives on Spatial Cognition Thomas

Publisher Summary This chapter explains psychological perspectives on spatial cognition. The chapter explores that so much work has been done in the attempt to determine mental representations of the spatial environment. A major premise of the chapter is that this lack of clarity is primarily due to paradigmatic and methodological differences among the many empirical studies. The chapter reviews much of the psychological research that has been conducted on cognitive maps and spatial cognition, taking into account the critical distinctions mentioned in detail. It also considers the evidence for distinctly different, although related, forms of spatial learning and knowledge. The chapter also deals with the possibilities that these different types of knowledge may be partially a product of how the knowledge was acquired, namely primary versus secondary forms of learning. In addition, the chapter focuses on questions about the characteristics of the knowledge and the quality of what has been learned.

[1]  H. Kendler.  "What is learned?"--A theoretical blind alley. , 1952, Psychological review.

[2]  D. Appleyard.  Styles and Methods of Structuring a City , 1970 .

[3]  Shannon Dawn Moeser.  Cognitive Mapping in a Complex Building , 1988 .

[4]  C. B. Cave,et al.  Evidence for two types of spatial representations: hemispheric specialization for categorical and coordinate relations. , 1989, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[5]  R. Klatzky,et al.  Acquisition of route and survey knowledge in the absence of vision. , 1990, Journal of motor behavior.

[6]  B. Kuipers.  Modelling spatial knowledge , 1977, IJCAI 1977.

[7]  Benjamin Kuipers,et al.  Modeling Spatial Knowledge , 1978, IJCAI.

[8]  J. Hellige,et al.  Categorization versus distance: Hemispheric differences for processing spatial information , 1989, Memory & cognition.

[9]  Gary L. Allen,et al.  Expression of Configurational Knowledge of Large-Scale Environments , 1984 .

[10]  J. F. Herman,et al.  Developmental Differences in the Use of an Abstract Reference Frame to Infer Spatial Relationships. , 1986 .

[11]  H. Blodgett,et al.  Place versus response learning in the simple T-maze. , 1947, Journal of experimental psychology.

[12]  T. Gärling,et al.  Memory for the spatial layout of the everyday physical environment: differential rates of acquisition of different types of information. , 1982, Scandinavian journal of psychology.

[13]  N. Newcombe,et al.  Barrier effects in the cognitive maps of children and adults. , 1982, Journal of experimental child psychology.

[14]  J. W. Rudy,et al.  Ontogeny of spatial navigation behaviors in the rat: dissociation of "proximal"- and "distal"-cue-based behaviors. , 1987, Behavioral neuroscience.

[15]  S. Doherty,et al.  A conceptual model and empirical analysis of children's acquisition of spatial knowledge , 1985 .

[16]  A. C. Haddon,et al.  Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History , 1900, Nature.

[17]  A. Hartley.  Mental measurement of line length: the role of the standard. , 1981, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[18]  R. Ratcliff,et al.  The mental representation of knowledge acquired from maps. , 1984, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[19]  Z. Pylyshyn,et al.  The rate of “mental rotation” of images: A test of a holistic analogue hypothesis , 1979, Memory & cognition.

[20]  C. H. Honzik.  THE ROLE OF KINESTHESIS IN MAZE LEARNING. , 1936, Science.

[21]  F. Schenk.  Development of place navigation in rats from weaning to puberty. , 1985, Behavioral and neural biology.

[22]  R. Maki.  Categorization and distance effects with spatial linear orders. , 1981 .

[23]  Tommy Gärling,et al.  The spatiotemporal sequencing of everyday activities in the large-scale environment , 1986 .

[24]  J. Rieser,et al.  Sensitivity to Perspective Structure While Walking without Vision , 1986, Perception.

[25]  Wesley A. Mah,et al.  Cognitive reference points in judgments of symbolic magnitude , 1982, Cognitive Psychology.

[26]  F. Keller,et al.  Another “Insight” Experiment , 1936 .

[27]  M. Mascolo,et al.  Effect of semantic clustering on the memory of spatial locations. , 1986, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[28]  Michael E. Hunt,et al.  Environmental Learning without Being There , 1984 .

[29]  A. Siegel,et al.  Stalking the Elusive Cognitive Map , 1978 .

[30]  H. Pick,et al.  The development of children's representations of large-scale environments. , 1978 .

[31]  E. Lindberg,et al.  Cognitive Mapping of Large-Scale Environments , 1984 .

[32]  E. Tolman,et al.  Studies in spatial learning: Orientation and the short-cut. , 1946, Journal of experimental psychology.

[33]  B. Tversky.  Distortions in memory for maps , 1981, Cognitive Psychology.

[34]  B. Kuipers.  The "Map in the Head" Metaphor , 1982 .

[35]  S. Kosslyn,et al.  Cognitive maps in children and men. , 1974, Child development.

[36]  Robert Lloyd,et al.  Cognitive Maps: Encoding and Decoding Information , 1989 .

[37]  A. Siegel,et al.  The development of cognitive mapping of the large-scale environment , 1978 .

[38]  F. Restle.  Discrimination of cues in mazes: a resolution of the place-vs.-response question. , 1957, Psychological review.

[39]  T. McNamara,et al.  Subjective hierarchies in spatial memory. , 1989, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[40]  I. Whishaw,et al.  Dopamine depletion, stimulation or blockade in the rat disrupts spatial navigation and locomotion dependent upon beacon or distal cues , 1985, Behavioural Brain Research.

[41]  Edward Chace Tolman,et al.  "Insight" in rats , 1930 .

[42]  G. Allen,et al.  Effects of the cognitive organization of route knowledge on judgments of macrospatial distance , 1985, Memory & cognition.

[43]  Landmarks: Neurobiological perspectives , 1988 .

[44]  E Lindberg,et al.  Acquisition of different types of locational information in cognitive maps: Automatic or effortful processing? , 1983, Psychological research.

[45]  Nancy Hazen,et al.  Spatial Exploration and Spatial Knowledge: Individual and Developmental Differences in Very Young Children. , 1982 .

[46]  H. Wellman,et al.  Young Children's Representation of Spatial Information Acquired From Maps , 1989 .

[47]  A W Siegel,et al.  Developmental differences in cognitive mapping: configurational knowledge of familiar large-scale environments. , 1981, Journal of experimental child psychology.

[48]  Gerard Hanley,et al.  The Placement and Misplacement of You-Are-Here Maps , 1984 .

[49]  H. Kendler,et al.  Variables in spatial learning; number of reinforcements during training. , 1948, Journal of comparative and physiological psychology.

[50]  Marvin J. Levine,et al.  You-Are-Here Maps , 1982 .

[51]  G W Evans,et al.  Cognitive mapping: knowledge of real-world distance and location information. , 1980, Journal of experimental psychology. Human learning and memory.

[52]  I. Whishaw.  Cholinergic receptor blockade in the rat impairs locale but not taxon strategies for place navigation in a swimming pool. , 1985, Behavioral neuroscience.

[53]  M. Levine,et al.  The orientation of cognitive maps , 1984 .

[54]  E. Tolman,et al.  Studies in spatial learning; response learning vs. place learning by the non-correction method. , 1947, Journal of experimental psychology.

[55]  G. Bower,et al.  Inconsistency in spatial knowledge , 1983, Memory & cognition.

[56]  C. L. Hull,et al.  "Correction" vs. "non-correction" method of trial-and-error learning in rats. , 1938 .

[57]  S. Evans.  Flexibility of Established Habit , 1936 .

[58]  Sholl Mj.  Cognitive maps as orienting schemata. , 1987 .

[59]  John R. Anderson.  Arguments concerning representations for mental imagery. , 1978 .

[60]  Barbara Hayes-Roth,et al.  Differences in spatial knowledge acquired from maps and navigation , 1982, Cognitive Psychology.

[61]  E. Tolman,et al.  Studies in spatial learning; place learning versus response learning. , 1946, Journal of experimental psychology.

[62]  J. Bartlett,et al.  Cognitive impenetrability of memory for orientation. , 1987, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[63]  R. Shepard,et al.  Mental Rotation of Three-Dimensional Objects , 1971, Science.

[64]  D. Canter,et al.  Distance Estimation in Cities , 1975 .

[65]  G. Evans,et al.  Environmental Learning and Cognitive Mapping , 1981 .

[66]  J. Piaget,et al.  Child's Conception Of Geometry , 1960 .

[67]  A. Siegel,et al.  Way finding and cognitive mapping in large-scale environments: a test of a developmental model. , 1983, Journal of experimental child psychology.

[68]  G. Allen,et al.  The role of perceptual context in structuring spatial knowledge. , 1978 .

[69]  S. Kosslyn,et al.  Children's drawings as data about internal representations , 1977 .

[70]  Annabel J. Cohen,et al.  Working Mental Representations of the Environment , 1984 .

[71]  G. Allen.  A developmental perspective on the effects of "subdividing" macrospatial experience. , 1981 .

[72]  A. Siegel,et al.  Cognitive maps of a college campus: A new look at freshman orientation , 1979 .

[73]  J. Jonides,et al.  Evidence of hierarchies in cognitive maps , 1985, Memory & cognition.

[74]  Jean-Claude Muller.  MENTAL MAPS AT A GLOBAL SCALE , 1985 .

[75]  Z. Pylyshyn.  The imagery debate: Analogue media versus tacit knowledge. , 1981 .

[76]  P. Thorndyke,et al.  Individual differences in procedures for knowledge acquisition from maps , 1980, Cognitive Psychology.

[77]  E. Tolman.  Cognitive maps in rats and men. , 1948, Psychological review.

[78]  H. Blodgett,et al.  Relative strength of place and response learning in the T maze. , 1948, Journal of comparative and physiological psychology.

[79]  Robert Lloyd,et al.  The Estimation of Distance and Direction from Cognitive Maps , 1989 .

[80]  James H. Howard,et al.  Memory and Perception of Cartographic Information for Familiar and Unfamiliar Environments , 1981 .

[81]  E. Scholnick.  Changing Predictors of Map Use in Wayfinding. , 1990 .

[82]  A. Siegel,et al.  The development of spatial representations of large-scale environments. , 1975, Advances in child development and behavior.

[83]  Robert Lloyd,et al.  Systematic Distortions in Urban Cognitive Maps , 1987 .

[84]  L. Nadel,et al.  Fornix lesions selectively abolish place learning in the rat , 1975, Experimental Neurology.

[85]  S. Kosslyn.  Seeing and imagining in the cerebral hemispheres: a computational approach. , 1987, Psychological review.

[86]  J. Rieser.  Access to Knowledge of Spatial Structure at Novel Points of Observation , 1989 .

[87]  P. Thorndyke.  Distance estimation from cognitive maps , 1981, Cognitive Psychology.

[88]  Romedi Passini,et al.  The Spatio-Cognitive Abilities of the Visually Impaired Population , 1990 .

[89]  C. C. Trowbridge.  ON FUNDAMENTAL METHODS OF ORIENTATION AND "IMAGINARY MAPS". , 1913, Science.

[90]  A. Hartley.  Mental measurement in the magnitude estimation of length. , 1977 .

[91]  J. Rieser,et al.  Mental Processes Mediating Independent Travel: Implications for Orientation and Mobility , 1982 .

[92]  R. Byrne,et al.  Memory for Urban Geography , 1979 .

[93]  E. Sadalla,et al.  The Perception of Traversed Distance , 1980 .

[94]  John R. Anderson.  Acquisition of cognitive skill. , 1982 .

[95]  James W. Pellegrino,et al.  The acquisition and integration of route knowledge in an unfamiliar neighborhood , 1990 .

[96]  T. Gärling,et al.  Acquisition of locational information about reference points during locomotion: the role of central information processing. , 1982, Scandinavian journal of psychology.

[97]  D. H. Warren,et al.  Misaligned Maps Lead to Predictable Errors , 1989, Perception.

[98]  A. Black,et al.  Stimulus control of spatial behavior on the eight-arm maze in rats ☆ ☆☆ , 1980 .

[99]  Clark C. Presson,et al.  Building spatial representations through primary and secondary learning. , 1984, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[100]  Clark C. Presson,et al.  Orientation specificity in spatial memory: what makes a path different from a map of the path? , 1989, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[101]  Albert C. Stevens,et al.  Distortions in judged spatial relations , 1978, Cognitive Psychology.

[102]  S. Miller,et al.  Evidence for caudate nucleus involvement in an egocentric spatial task: Return from passive transport , 1983 .

[103]  T. McNamara.  Mental representations of spatial relations , 1986, Cognitive Psychology.