Emphasis in English: a perceptual study based on manipulated synthetic speech.

A number of utterances were extracted from a set of recordings of spontaneous speech after listeners had judged that they contained one or more emphatic words. Synthetic versions of the utterances were created, neutralising the variability of segmental duration, pitch movement, pauses and semantic content (by a process of delexicalisation). These synthetic stimuli were then rated by native speakers allowing a comparative evaluation of the contribution of the different parameters to the perception of emphasis.