The Distribution of Teacher Quality and Implications for Policy

It has become commonplace to measure teacher quality in terms of teacher value-added. Operationally, this means evaluating teachers according to the learning gains of students on various achievement tests. Existing research consistently shows large variations in teacher effectiveness, much of which is within schools as opposed to between schools. The policy implications of these variations are dramatic. But the underlying statistical modeling has become the subject of intense research, in part because of this direct use of value-added measures in policy discussions.

[1]  C. Mulligan.  Galton versus the Human Capital Approach to Inheritance , 1999, Journal of Political Economy.

[2]  M. Taussig.  Distribution Issues: Trends and Policies , 1970 .

[3]  E. Hanushek,et al.  Chapter 18 Teacher Quality , 2006 .

[4]  C. Meghir,et al.  Econometric Methods for Research in Education , 2010 .

[5]  E. Hanushek,et al.  Estimating the Effect of Leaders on Public Sector Productivity: the Case of School Principals , 2012 .

[6]  E. Hanushek,et al.  Teachers, Schools, and Academic Achievement , 1998 .

[7]  J. Mincer.  The Distribution of Labor Incomes: A Survey with Special Reference to the Human Capital Approach , 1970 .

[8]  Susanna Loeb,et al.  The Draw of Home: How Teachers&Apos; Preferences for Proximity Disadvantage Urban Schools , 2003 .

[9]  Lawrence Mishel,et al.  The class size debate , 2002 .

[10]  Mark Ehlert,et al.  Selecting Growth Measures for School and Teacher Evaluations , 2012 .

[11]  Susanna Loeb,et al.  Teacher Layoffs: An Empirical Illustration of Seniority versus Measures of Effectiveness , 2011, Education Finance and Policy.

[12]  D. Koretz,et al.  Measuring up : what educational testing really tells us , 2008 .

[13]  Ludger Woessmann,et al.  Central School Exit Exams and Labor-Market Outcomes , 2012, SSRN Electronic Journal.

[14]  Jesse Rothstein,et al.  Student Sorting and Bias in Value-Added Estimation: Selection on Observables and Unobservables , 2009, Education Finance and Policy.

[15]  James J. Heckman,et al.  Chapter 7 Earnings Functions, Rates of Return and Treatment Effects: The Mincer Equation and Beyond , 2006 .

[16]  Eric A. Hanushek,et al.  Generalizations about Using Value-Added Measures of Teacher Quality , 2010 .

[17]  Thomas J. Kane,et al.  Volatility in School Test Scores: Implications for Test-Based Accountability Systems , 2002 .

[18]  S. Mcnally,et al.  The Effects of Resources Across School Phases: A Summary of Recent Evidence , 2013 .

[19]  L. Mcdonnell,et al.  Analysis of the School Preferred Reading Program in Selected Los Angeles Minority Schools. , 1976 .

[20]  Petra E. Todd,et al.  Earnings Functions, Rates of Return and Treatment Effects: The Mincer Equation and Beyond , 2005, SSRN Electronic Journal.

[21]  L. Darling-Hammond,et al.  How Teaching Conditions Predict Teacher Turnover in California Schools , 2005 .

[22]  Ludger Woessmann,et al.  How Much Do Educational Outcomes Matter in OECD Countries? , 2010, SSRN Electronic Journal.

[23]  E. Hanushek.  Building on No Child Left Behind , 2009, Science.

[24]  E. Hanushek,et al.  Disruption Versus Tiebout Improvement: The Costs and Benefits of Switching Schools , 2001 .

[25]  Eric A. Hanushek,et al.  The complementarity of Tiebout and Alonso , 2007 .

[26]  E. Hanushek.  The Economic Value of Higher Teacher Quality , 2010 .

[27]  John H. Tyler,et al.  How important are the cognitive skills of teenagers in predicting subsequent earnings , 2000 .

[28]  Bruce I. Sacerdote.  Peer Effects in Education: How Might They Work, How Big Are They and How Much Do We Know Thus Far? , 2011 .

[29]  Eric Isenberg,et al.  Measuring School and Teacher Value Added for IMPACT and TEAM in DC Public Schools , 2010 .

[30]  William L. Sanders,et al.  The tennessee value-added assessment system (TVAAS): Mixed-model methodology in educational assessment , 1994 .

[31]  E. Hanushek,et al.  Constrained Job Matching: Does Teacher Job Search Harm Disadvantaged Urban Schools? , 2010 .

[32]  Richard J. Murnane,et al.  Using Panel Data to Improve Estimates of the Determinants of Educational Achievement. , 1979 .

[33]  Lars Lefgren,et al.  The Persistence of Teacher-Induced Learning , 2010, The Journal of Human Resources.

[34]  E. Hanushek,et al.  Handbook of the Economics of Education , 2006 .

[35]  E. Hanushek,et al.  Private Schools and Residential Choices: Accessibility, Mobility, and Welfare , 2011 .

[36]  E. Hanushek,et al.  Pay, Working Conditions, and Teacher Quality , 2007, The Future of children.

[37]  C. Meghir,et al.  Educational Reform, Ability, and Family Background , 2004 .

[38]  Dan Goldhaber,et al.  Teacher Career Paths, Teacher Quality, and Persistence in the Classroom: Are Public Schools Keeping Their Best? CEDR Working Paper No. 2010-2.0. , 2011 .

[39]  Paul Wright,et al.  Controlling for Student Background in Value-Added Assessment of Teachers , 2004 .

[40]  Steven Glazerman,et al.  Evaluating Teachers: The Important Role of Value-Added , 2010 .

[41]  Jesse Rothstein,et al.  Teacher Quality in Educational Production: Tracking, Decay, and Student Achievement , 2008 .

[42]  Daniel F. McCaffrey,et al.  Evaluating Value-Added Models for Teacher Accountability , 2004 .

[43]  E. Hanushek.  Teacher Characteristics and Gains in Student Achievement: Estimation Using Micro Data. , 1971 .

[44]  Derek A. Neal,et al.  The Design of Performance Pay in Education , 2011 .

[45]  Alan B. Krueger.  Experimental Estimates of Education Production Functions , 1999 .

[46]  E. Hanushek,et al.  Returns to Skills Around the World: Evidence from PIAAC , 2013, SSRN Electronic Journal.

[47]  E. Hanushek,et al.  Teacher Quality , 2002 .

[48]  E. Hanushek.  Conceptual and Empirical Issues in the Estimation of Educational Production Functions , 1979 .

[49]  H. Braun,et al.  Getting Value Out of Value-Added: Report of a Workshop , 2010 .

[50]  E. Hanushek,et al.  The role of cognitive skills in economic development , 2008 .

[51]  Jonah E. Rockoff.  The Impact of Individual Teachers on Student Achievement: Evidence from Panel Data , 2004 .

[52]  Daniel F. McCaffrey,et al.  The Intertemporal Variability of Teacher Effect Estimates , 2009, Education Finance and Policy.

[53]  T. Dee.  A Teacher Like Me: Does Race, Ethnicity, or Gender Matter? , 2005 .

[54]  J. Mincer.  Schooling, Experience, and Earnings , 1976 .

[55]  Brian A. Jacob,et al.  Can Principals Identify Effective Teachers? Evidence on Subjective Performance Evaluation in Education , 2008, Journal of Labor Economics.

[56]  Lawrence F. Katz,et al.  The Race Between Education And Technology , 2008 .

[57]  Junzo Ishii,et al.  Impediments to the Estimation of Teacher Value Added , 2009, Education Finance and Policy.

[58]  H. Gintis,et al.  The Determinants of Earnings: A Behavioral Approach , 2001 .

[59]  Raj Chetty,et al.  The Long-Term Impacts of Teachers: Teacher Value-Added and Student Outcomes in Adulthood. NBER Working Paper No. 17699. , 2011 .

[60]  E. Hanushek,et al.  On the value of equality of educational opportunity as a guide to public policy , 1968 .

[61]  Hong-kyun Kim.  Is there a crowding-out effect between school expenditure and mother's child care time? , 2001 .

[62]  Raj Chetty,et al.  The Long-Term Impacts of Teachers: Teacher Value-Added and Student Outcomes in Adulthood , 2011 .

[63]  Eric A. Hanushek,et al.  Some Findings From an Independent Investigation of the Tennessee STAR Experiment and From Other Investigations of Class Size Effects , 1999 .

[64]  S. Konstantopoulos.  Teacher Effects in Early Grades: Evidence from a Randomized Study , 2011, Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education.

[65]  A. Mood,et al.  Equality of Educational Opportunity. , 1967 .

[66]  David Card.  Estimating the Return to Schooling: Progress on Some Persistent Econometric Problems , 2000 .

[67]  Thomas J. Kane,et al.  Estimating Teacher Impacts on Student Achievement: An Experimental Evaluation , 2008 .

[68]  E. Hanushek,et al.  Constrained Job Matching: Does Teacher Job Search Harm Disadvantaged Urban Schools? NBER Working Paper No. 15816. , 2010 .

[69]  Cory Koedel,et al.  Does Student Sorting Invalidate Value-Added Models of Teacher Effectiveness? An Extended Analysis of the Rothstein Critique , 2009, Education Finance and Policy.

[70]  John N. Friedman,et al.  How Does Your Kindergarten Classroom Affect Your Earnings? Evidence from Project Star , 2010, The quarterly journal of economics.

[71]  Daniel F. McCaffrey,et al.  Exploring Student-Teacher Interactions in Longitudinal Achievement Data , 2008, Education Finance and Policy.

[72]  C. Morris.  Parametric Empirical Bayes Inference: Theory and Applications , 1983 .

[73]  John F. Kain,et al.  New Evidence about Brown v. Board of Education: The Complex Effects of School Racial Composition on Achievement , 2002, Journal of Labor Economics.

[74]  Petra E. Todd,et al.  On the Specification and Estimation of the Production Function for Cognitive Achievement , 2003 .

[75]  E. Hanushek,et al.  Quality‐Consistent Estimates of International Schooling and Skill Gradients , 2009, Journal of Human Capital.

[76]  Eric A. Hanushek,et al.  The Evidence on Class Size , 1998 .

[77]  Sandra E. Black,et al.  Housing Valuations of School Performance , 2011 .

[78]  Eric A. Hanushek,et al.  Do better schools lead to more growth? Cognitive skills, economic outcomes, and causation , 2009, SSRN Electronic Journal.

[79]  Dan Goldhaber,et al.  Managing the Teacher Workforce in Austere Times: The Determinants and Implications of Teacher Layoffs , 2013, Education Finance and Policy.

[80]  R. Murnane,et al.  The Impact of School Resources on the Learning of Inner City Children. , 1976 .

[81]  A. Krueger,et al.  Experimental Estimates of Education Production Functions , 1997 .

[82]  L. Hedges,et al.  How Large Are Teacher Effects? , 2004 .