Catching optical information for the regulation of timing

Recent research almost unambiguously refutes the hypothesis that the timing of interceptive actions is solely based on the relative rate of expansion [i.e. τ(ϕ)]. The aim of the present experiment was to evaluated the merits of eight alternative informational variables that recently have been proposed in the literature % MathType!Translator!2!1!AMS LaTeX.tdl!TeX -- AMS-LaTeX! % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaafaart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSn0BKvguHDwzZbqefeKCPfgBGuLBPn % 2BKvginnfarmWu51MyVXgatuuDJXwAK1uy0HwmaeHbfv3ySLgzG0uy % 0Hgip5wzaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8srps0lbbf9q8WrFfeuY-Hhbb % f9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8WqFfea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq % -He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeWaea % aakeaadaqadaqaaiaabMgacaqGUaGaaeyzaiaab6cacaaMe8UaaGjb % Vlqbew9aQzaacaGaaeilaiaaysW7cuaH4oqCgaGaaiaabYcacaaMe8 % UafuiLdqKbaiaacaqGSaGaaGjbVlabes8a0naabmaabaGaeqy1dOga % caGLOaGaayzkaaGaaeilaiaaysW7cqaHepaDdaqadaqaaiabeI7aXb % GaayjkaiaawMcaaiaabYcacaaMe8UaeqiXdq3aaeWaaeaacqqHuoar % aiaawIcacaGLPaaacaqGSaGaaGjbVlabes8a0jaacIcacqaHvpGAca % GGSaGaeqiUdeNaaiykaiaabYcacaaMe8UaeqOTdOhacaGLOaGaayzk % aaaaaa!6DD6! $$ {\left( {{\text{i}}{\text{.e}}{\text{.}}\;\;\ifmmode\expandafter\dot\else\expandafter\.\fi{\varphi }{\text{,}}\;\ifmmode\expandafter\dot\else\expandafter\.\fi{\theta }{\text{,}}\;\ifmmode\expandafter\dot\else\expandafter\.\fi{\Delta }{\text{,}}\;\tau {\left( \varphi \right)}{\text{,}}\;\tau {\left( \theta \right)}{\text{,}}\;\tau {\left( \Delta \right)}{\text{,}}\;\tau (\varphi ,\theta ){\text{,}}\;\zeta } \right)} $$. Participants (n=7) were required to regulate the spatio-temporal characteristics of their reach and grasp to catch a ball approaching on a constant spatial trajectory. To identify the information used to regulate the timing of the catch we examined the qualitative effects of ball speed (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 m/s) and viewing (monocular versus binocular) on the kinematics of the catch. Subsequently, we directly assessed the quantitative relationship between informational variables and the timing of reach onset and hand closure. The findings raised serious doubts against the use of variables that specified the time-to-contact between the ball and the point of observation (i.e. relative rate of expansion and disparity). Further, optical variables solely confined to the trajectory of the ball (i.e. the absolute rate of expansion) did yield positive results for the timing of reach onset but not for the timing of hand closure. Only variables that were related to the closure of the gap between hand and ball were found to contribute to the timing of hand closure. These results suggest that information related to the constriction of the optical gap between end-effector and ball becomes more important with approach, whereas the contribution of the absolute rate of expansion becomes less leading.

[1]  W. Schiff,et al.  Aging persons' estimates of vehicular motion. , 1992, Psychology and aging.

[2]  M. Cynader,et al.  The visual perception of motion in depth. , 1979, Scientific American.

[3]  P R DeLucia,et al.  Pictorial and motion-based information for depth perception. , 1991, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[4]  J. A. Scott Kelso,et al.  The perceptual guidance of grasping a moving object , 1992 .

[5]  Andrea H. Mason,et al.  Target viewing time and velocity effects on prehension , 1999, Experimental Brain Research.

[6]  E Brenner,et al.  Hitting moving objects. The dependency of hand velocity on the speed of the target. , 2000, Experimental brain research.

[7]  D. Robertson,et al.  The kinematics, movement phasing and timing of a skilled action in response to varying conditions of uncertainty , 1985 .

[8]  D. Regan,et al.  Binocular and monocular stimuli for motion in depth: Changing-disparity and changing-size feed the same motion-in-depth stage , 1979, Vision Research.

[9]  Joan López-Moliner,et al.  Speed of response initiation in a time-to-contact discrimination task reflects the use of η , 2002, Vision Research.

[10]  V Cavallo,et al.  Visual Information and Skill Level in Time-To-Collision Estimation , 1988, Perception.

[11]  Jeroen B. J. Smeets,et al.  Multiple information sources in interceptive timing , 1997 .

[12]  M. Laurent,et al.  Perception-action coupling in an interceptive task: First-order time-to-contact as an input variable , 2000 .

[13]  K. Rosengren,et al.  The Separation of Action and Perception and the Issue of Affordances , 2001 .

[14]  P R DeLucia,et al.  Pictorial and motion-based depth information during active control of self-motion: size-arrival effects on collision avoidance. , 1994, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[15]  C. Michaels.  Information, Perception, and Action: What Should Ecological Psychologists Learn From Milner and Goodale (1995)? , 2000 .

[16]  J. Tresilian,et al.  Temporal precision of interceptive action: differential effects of target size and speed , 2003, Experimental Brain Research.

[17]  F. C. Bakker,et al.  Catching balls: how to get the hand to the right place at the right time. , 1994, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[18]  Daniel Bullock,et al.  Prospective control of manual interceptive actions: comparative simulations of extant and new model constructs , 2001, Neural Networks.

[19]  Scott M. Dittman,et al.  Monocular optical constraints on collision control. , 2001, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[20]  H. Ross,et al.  Optic-Flow and Cognitive Factors in Time-to-Collision Estimates , 1983, Perception.

[21]  B. Frost,et al.  Computation of different optical variables of looming objects in pigeon nucleus rotundus neurons , 1998, Nature Neuroscience.

[22]  Ben Sidaway,et al.  Time-to-Collision Estimation in a Simulated Driving Task , 1996, Hum. Factors.

[23]  James R. Tresilian,et al.  Approximate information sources and perceptual variables in interceptive timing. , 1994 .

[24]  J. Flanagan,et al.  Grip-load force coupling: a general control strategy for transporting objects. , 1994, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[25]  Alfred W. Hubbard,et al.  Visual Movements of Batters , 1954 .

[26]  R. Bootsma,et al.  Timing an attacking forehand drive in table tennis. , 1990 .

[27]  David N. Lee,et al.  Visual Timing in Hitting An Accelerating Ball , 1983, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. A, Human experimental psychology.

[28]  J. Tresilian,et al.  a moving target: effects of temporal precision constraints and movement amplitude , 2022 .

[29]  John P. Wann,et al.  Anticipating arrival: is the tau margin a specious theory? , 1996, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[30]  J. Tresilian.  Visually timed action: time-out for ‘tau’? , 1999, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[31]  S Bennett,et al.  Timing a one-handed catch. I. Effects of telestereoscopic viewing. , 1999, Experimental brain research.

[32]  Timothy D. Lee,et al.  Motor Control and Learning: A Behavioral Emphasis , 1982 .

[33]  A. Remole.  PERCEPTION WITH AN EYE FOR MOTION , 1987 .

[34]  Simone R. Caljouw,et al.  Timing of goal-directed hitting: impact requirements change the information–movement coupling , 2004, Experimental Brain Research.

[35]  R J Bootsma,et al.  Visual information about time-to-collision between two objects. , 1993, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[36]  G. Savelsbergh,et al.  Timing a one-handed catch. II. Adaptation to telestereoscopic viewing. , 1999, Experimental brain research.

[37]  H. Wagner.  Flow-field variables trigger landing in flies , 1982, Nature.

[38]  B J McFadyen,et al.  Visuomotor control when reaching toward and grasping moving targets. , 1996, Acta psychologica.

[39]  G. J. Savelsbergh,et al.  Grasping tau. , 1991, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[40]  W. Schiff.  PERCEPTION OF IMPENDING COLLISION: A STUDY OF VISUALLY DIRECTED AVOIDANT BEHAVIOR. , 1965, Psychological monographs.

[41]  H Collewijn,et al.  Binocular eye movements and the perception of depth. , 1990, Reviews of oculomotor research.

[42]  M. Goodale,et al.  The visual brain in action , 1995 .

[43]  R. Bootsma,et al.  On the information-based regulation of movement: What Wann (1996) may want to consider , 1997 .

[44]  James A. Caviness,et al.  Persistent Fear Responses in Rhesus Monkeys to the Optical Stimulus of "Looming" , 1962, Science.

[45]  Alain Durey,et al.  Binocular Invariants in Interceptive Tasks: A Directed Perception Approach , 1996 .

[46]  Reinoud J Bootsma,et al.  Global and Local Contributions to the Optical Specification of Time to Contact: Observer Sensitivity to Composite Tau , 2002, Perception.

[47]  W. Warren.  Action modes and laws of control for the visual guidance of action , 1988 .

[48]  D Regan,et al.  Accuracy of estimating time to collision using binocular and monocular information , 1998, Vision Research.

[49]  Keith Davids,et al.  Discriminating the role of binocular information in the timing of a one-handed catch , 2000, Experimental Brain Research.

[50]  L. Fogassi,et al.  Prehension movements directed to approaching objects: Influence of stimulus velocity on the transport and the grasp components , 1992, Neuropsychologia.

[51]  A. M. Burden,et al.  The role of predictive visual temporal information in the coordination of muscle activity in catching , 2004, Experimental Brain Research.

[52]  David N. Lee,et al.  A Theory of Visual Control of Braking Based on Information about Time-to-Collision , 1976, Perception.

[53]  C. Michaels,et al.  Information and action in punching a falling ball , 2001, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. A, Human experimental psychology.

[54]  E Brenner,et al.  Perception and action are based on the same visual information: distinction between position and velocity. , 1995, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[55]  A Dubrowski,et al.  Control Strategies When Intercepting Slowly Moving Targets , 2001, Journal of motor behavior.

[56]  Bruce Abernethy,et al.  Timing structure in squash strokes: Further evidence for the operational timing hypothesis , 1988 .

[57]  G. Montagne,et al.  The control and coordination of one-handed catching: the effect of temporal constraints , 1994, Experimental Brain Research.

[58]  David N. Lee,et al.  Plummeting gannets: a paradigm of ecological optics , 1981, Nature.

[59]  H. Heuer,et al.  Estimates of Time to Contact Based on Changing Size and Changing Target Vergence , 1993, Perception.

[60]  A. Wing,et al.  Grasp size and accuracy of approach in reaching. , 1986, Journal of motor behavior.