Apolipoprotein D in the aging brain and in Alzheimer’s dementia

Abstract Apolipoprotein D (apoD) levels were examined in the temporal cortex as well as an assessment of the location of apoD positive cells within the brain by immunohistochemical and biochemical methods in young control (YC), aged control (AC), and Alzheimer’s demented (AD) probands. Scattered apoD positive astrocytes and oligodendrocytes were found throughout the white matter by immunohistochemistry. ApoD immunoreactivity was also observed In the cerebellar oligodendrocytes of the YC group. There was faint positive apoD staining in scattered cortical astrocytes and a few neurons in the same group. In contrast, some of the AC and all of the AD probands had intense and frequent apoD immunostained cortical astrocytes and pyramidal neurons. The cortical senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles were apoD immunonegative. No quantitative differences were found between the cortical apoD levels in the AC and AD groups, determined by immunoblotting. ApoD detected in the brain tissue was different in molecular weight (29 kDal) from that seen in CSF or in the serum (32 kDal). Our results indicate apoD is present in the human brain, especially in glial cells, and has increased abundance in the elderly and AD subjects [Neurol Res 2000; 22: 330-336]

[1]  Kathleen M. Smith,et al.  Cellular localization of apolipoprotein D and lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase mRNA in rhesus monkey tissues by in situ hybridization. , 1990, Journal of lipid research.

[2]  R. Patel,et al.  Astrocytes synthesize and secrete the lipophilic ligand carrier apolipoprotein D. , 1995, Neuroreport.

[3]  E. Rassart,et al.  Molecular biology of apolipoprotein D , 1993 .

[4]  W. Ong,et al.  Differential expression of apolipoprotein D and apolipoprotein E in the kainic acid-lesioned rat hippocampus , 1997, Neuroscience.

[5]  E. Otomo,et al.  Apolipoprotein E immunoreactivity in cerebral amyloid deposits and neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease and kuru plaque amyloid in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease , 1991, Brain Research.

[6]  E. Rassart,et al.  Molecular characterization and differential mRNA tissue distribution of rabbit apolipoprotein D. , 1990, Journal of lipid research.

[7]  O. Lea.  Binding properties of Progesterone-Binding Cyst Protein, PBCP , 1988, Steroids.

[8]  R. Patel,et al.  Probing the structure of the ligand binding cavity of lipocalins by fluorescence spectroscopy. , 1997, Protein engineering.

[9]  Ramesh C. Patel,et al.  Cellular Cholesterol Storage in the Niemann‐Pick Disease Type C Mouse Is Associated with Increased Expression and Defective Processing of Apolipoprotein D , 1998, Journal of neurochemistry.

[10]  H. Wieland,et al.  Evaluation of immunoaffinity chromatography for isolating human lipoproteins containing apolipoprotein B. , 1985, Journal of chromatography.

[11]  C. López-Otín,et al.  Apolipoprotein D is the major protein component in cyst fluid from women with human breast gross cystic disease. , 1990, The Biochemical journal.

[12]  L. Holmquist.  Identification and quantification of apolipoprotein D in normal human urine , 1990, Electrophoresis.

[13]  G. Siest,et al.  Increased Levels of Apolipoprotein D in Cerebrospinal Fluid and Hippocampus of Alzheimer's Patients , 1998, Journal of neurochemistry.

[14]  R. Mahley,et al.  Apolipoprotein E: cholesterol transport protein with expanding role in cell biology. , 1988, Science.

[15]  M C Peitsch,et al.  Is apolipoprotein D a mammalian bilin-binding protein? , 1992, The New biologist.

[16]  J. Gueriguian,et al.  A specific progesterone-binding component of human breast cyst fluid. , 1973, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[17]  F. Lee,et al.  ISOLATION AND PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF APOLIPOPROTEIN D : A NEW PROTEIN MOIETY OF THE HUMAN PLASMA LIPOPROTEIN SYSTEM , 2001 .

[18]  S. M. Sumi,et al.  The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD) , 1991, Neurology.

[19]  E. Rassart,et al.  Localization of the major sites of rabbit apolipoprotein D gene transcription by in situ hybridization. , 1991, Journal of lipid research.

[20]  B. Hyman,et al.  Brain Expression of Apolipoproteins E, J, and A‐I in Alzheimer's Disease , 1996, Journal of neurochemistry.

[21]  R. Campenot,et al.  Role of Lipoproteins in the Delivery of Lipids to Axons during Axonal Regeneration* , 1997, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[22]  E. Rassart,et al.  Molecular characterization and differential mRNA tissue distribution of mouse apolipoprotein D. , 1995, Brain research. Molecular brain research.

[23]  W. Kohr,et al.  Cloning and expression of human apolipoprotein D cDNA. , 1986, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[24]  L. Notterpek,et al.  Accumulation of apolipoproteins in the regenerating and remyelinating mammalian peripheral nerve. Identification of apolipoprotein D, apolipoprotein A-IV, apolipoprotein E, and apolipoprotein A-I. , 1990, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[25]  H. Müller,et al.  Regeneration‐associated high level expression of apolipoprotein D mRNA in endoneurial fibroblasts of peripheral nerve. , 1990, The EMBO journal.

[26]  C. Fielding,et al.  Isolation and characterization of a human serum cholesteryl ester transfer protein. , 1978, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[27]  L. Notterpek,et al.  Identification, characterization, and tissue distribution of apolipoprotein D in the rat. , 1990, Journal of lipid research.

[28]  J. M. Morais Cabral,et al.  Arachidonic acid binds to apolipoprotein D: implications for the protein's function , 1995, FEBS letters.

[29]  D. Dormont,et al.  Gene Expression in Scrapie , 1998, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[30]  P. Alaupovic,et al.  Studies on the isolation and partial characterization of apolipoprotein D and lipoprotein D of human plasma. , 1976, Biochemistry.

[31]  S. Fredrikson,et al.  A zone immunoelectrophoresis assay method for quantification of apolipoprotein D in human cerebrospinal fluid. , 1996, Journal of biochemical and biophysical methods.