Evaporation Models in Hydrology

Almost as soon as mankind began to wear, or at least wash, clothes, he realized that evaporation was strongly related to weather; that they dried best on sunny, windy days, particularly if the air was “fresh” and dry, with low humidity. When hydrologists first began to model natural evaporation, now more than 40 years ago, this is where they started. Weather variables measured near the ground often exhibit some statistical intercorrelation; sunny days tend to be warmer, for instance. As soon as evaporation rate could be measured, it was therefore easy to observe and formulate empirical relationships with meteorological variables, either individually or in groups. Hydrologists created a whole range of evaporation “models” as a result.

[1]  P. Waggoner,et al.  Simulation of the Temperature, Humidity and Evaporation Profiles in a Leaf Canopy , 1968 .

[2]  T. Black,et al.  Factors affecting the canopy resistance of a Douglas-fir forest , 1976 .

[3]  A. S. Thom,et al.  Momentum, mass and heat exchange of vegetation , 1972 .

[4]  J. Gash.  Comment on the paper by A. S. Thom and H. R. Oliver ‘On penman's equation for estimating regional evaporation’ (Q.J., 1977, 103, 345–357) , 1978 .

[5]  J. Gras,et al.  On Sizing Impacted Sulfuric Acid Aerosol Particles , 1979 .

[6]  H. L. Penman.  Evaporation: an introductory survey , 1956 .

[7]  E. Kanemasu,et al.  Evapotranspiration from Soybean and Sorghum Fileds1 , 1972 .

[8]  A. Rutter,et al.  A predictive model of rainfall interception in forests, 1. Derivation of the model from observations in a plantation of Corsican pine , 1971 .

[9]  John L. Monteith,et al.  A four-layer model for the heat budget of homogeneous land surfaces , 1988 .

[10]  H. L. Penman.  Natural evaporation from open water, bare soil and grass , 1948, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[11]  A. Lindroth,et al.  Pine forest microclimate simulation using different diffusivities , 1986 .

[12]  Robert J. Gurney,et al.  The theoretical relationship between foliage temperature and canopy resistance in sparse crops , 1990 .

[13]  M. Raupach.  Stand overstorey processes , 1989 .

[14]  C. B. Tanner.  Measurement of Evapotranspiration , 2015 .

[15]  H. R. Oliver,et al.  On Penman's equation for estimating regional evaporation , 1977 .

[16]  W. James Shuttleworth,et al.  Has the Priestley-Taylor Equation Any Relevance to Forest Evaporation? , 1979 .

[17]  A. Rutter,et al.  A Predictive Model of Rainfall Interception in Forests. II. Generalization of the Model and Comparison with Observations in Some Coniferous and Hardwood Stands , 1975 .

[18]  W. Shuttleworth,et al.  Macrohydrology ― the new challenge for process hydrology , 1988 .

[19]  W. J. Shuttleworth,et al.  Micrometeorology of Temperate and Tropical Forest , 1989 .

[20]  A. C. Chamberlain,et al.  Transport of gases to and from grass and grass-like surfaces , 1966, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[21]  Robert J. Gurney,et al.  A RESISTANCE PARAMETER FOR BARE‐SOIL EVAPORATION MODELS , 1986 .

[22]  C. Priestley,et al.  On the Assessment of Surface Heat Flux and Evaporation Using Large-Scale Parameters , 1972 .

[23]  C. B. Tanner,et al.  Evapotranspiration from a Snap Bean Crop1 , 1970 .

[24]  W. J. Shuttleworth,et al.  A one-dimensional theoretical description of the vegetation-atmosphere interaction , 1976 .

[25]  R. Shaw,et al.  Aerodynamic roughness of a plant canopy: A numerical experiment , 1982 .

[26]  J. Gash.  An analytical model of rainfall interception by forests , 1979 .

[27]  J. Stewart.  Modelling surface conductance of pine forest , 1988 .

[28]  W. Shuttleworth.  The concept of intrinsic surface resistance: Energy budgets at a partially wet surface , 1975 .

[29]  G. Szeicz,et al.  Stomatal factor in the water use and dry matter production by sorghum , 1973 .

[30]  W. J. Shuttleworth,et al.  A simplified one-dimensional theoretical description of the vegetation-atmosphere interaction , 1978 .

[31]  Albert Rango,et al.  Remote sensing and large‐scale global processes , 1989 .

[32]  B. Hicks,et al.  Flux‐gradient relationships in the constant flux layer , 1970 .

[33]  A. Dalcher,et al.  A Simple Biosphere Model (SIB) for Use within General Circulation Models , 1986 .

[34]  Ann Henderson-Sellers,et al.  Biosphere-atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS) for the NCAR Community Climate Model , 1986 .

[35]  C. R. Lloyd,et al.  Micrometeorological measurements in Les Landes forest during HAPEX-MOBILHY , 1989 .

[36]  E. K. Webb.  Profile relationships: The log‐linear range, and extension to strong stability , 1970 .

[37]  C. E. Murphy,et al.  Development and Evaluation of Simplified Models for Simulating Canopy Photosynthesis and Transpiration , 1976 .

[38]  J. Monteith,et al.  Principles of Environmental Physics , 2014 .

[39]  John L. Monteith,et al.  Vegetation and the atmosphere , 1975 .